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Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell?

A

The smallest structural and functional unit in a living being

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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3
Q

What is the key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do

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4
Q

What’s an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

What are examples of eukaryotic cells?
(4)

A

Protists
Fungi
Animals
Plants

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6
Q

What are viruses?

A

Acellular parasites that can’t reproduce on their own,so they need a host

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7
Q

What do viruses need to reproduce?

A

A host cell

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8
Q

What type of genome do viruses have?

A

A viral genome (DNA or RNA) encapsulated by proteins

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9
Q

What are the 2 distinct parts of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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10
Q

What are the cell components of a prototypic human cell? (NOT PROKARYOTIC)
(11)

A

Cell membrane
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Cytoplasm

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11
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

It forms the outer boundary of the cell which separates the inside of the cell from the outside. Therefore,it controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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12
Q

What does the nucleus do?
(2)

A

It contains the cell’s DNA in the form of chromosomes.

It allows for protein synthesis to happen through transcription and translation

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough
Smooth

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14
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) do?

A

It’s studded with ribosomes and packages and processes proteins in order to create and modify proteins

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15
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) do?
(3)

A

It synthesises and processes lipids
It plays a role in detoxification
It plays a role in calcium storage

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16
Q

What does the nucleus do?
(2)

A

It stores the main material of the cell
It’s the control centre of the cell

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17
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The core of the nucleus

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18
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

It contains rRNA and proteins that help to produce ribosomes

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19
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

They create amino acids into proteins

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20
Q

What do lysosomes do?
(2)

A

They contain highly acidic fluid which breaks down bacteria and cell debris

They play an important role in the immune system’s cells

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21
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

It creates ATP

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22
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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23
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

It modifies and packages lipids and proteins produced by the ER and prepared them for transport

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24
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

It’s a jelly like substance that fills the cell and provides an environment for many processes

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25
What is the importance of the cell cycle? (3)
Reproduce Growth Renewal of tissue
26
What happens in the cell cycle?
A cell divides into 2 new cells
27
What are the stages of the cell cycle? (4)
Gap phase 1 (G1) Synthesis (S) Gap phase 2 (G2) Mitosis
28
What are the stages of interphase? (3)
Gap phase 1 (G1) Synthesis (S) Gap phase 2 (G2)
29
Which parts of the cell cycle contain cell growth? (2)
Gap phase 1 (G1) Gap phase 2 (G2)
30
Which part of the cell cycle includes DNA synthesis?
Synthesis (S)
31
What are the stages of mitosis? (6)
Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
32
What happens during prophase of mitosis? (3)
Chromosomes condense and become visible Spindle fibres form Nuclear envelope breaks down
33
What happened during prometaphase of mitosis? (3)
Chromosomes continue to condense Kinetochores appear at the centromeres Mitosis spindle microtubules attach to kinetchores
34
What happens during metaphase of mitosis? (2)
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate Each sister chromatid attaches to a spindle fibre from the opposite pole
35
What happens during anaphase of mitosis? (2)
Centromeres split in 2 Sister chromatids (which are now called chromosomes) are pulled to opposite poles
36
What happens during telophase in mitosis? (4)
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles Chromosomes start to decondense Nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes The spindle fibres continue to push the poles apart
37
What happens during cytokinesis in the mitosis of animal cells?
A cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells
38
What happens during cytokinesis in the mitosis of animal cells?
A cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells
39
What happens during cytokinesis in the mitosis of plant cells?
A cell plate separates the daughter cells
40
What are checkpoints in the cell cycle?
They’re stages where the cell decides whether or not to progress through the cell cycle
41
Why are checkpoints useful during the cell cycle?
They regulate the cell
42
When do checkpoints occur during the cell cycle? Why? (4)
After G1 to check for DNA damage After G2 to check for damaged or unduplicated DNA After G2 to check for unduplicated centromeres After mitosis to check that the chromosome attached to the mitotic spindle
43
As well as checkpoints throughout the cell cycle, what is also found near the end of G1?
A restriction point
44
What is a restriction point used for near the end of G1 in the cell cycle? (2)
To check for cell size To check for favourable environmental conditions7
45
How many hours does G1 last in a cultured cell?
10hrs
46
How many hours does synthesis last in a cultured cell?
7.5hrs
47
How many hours does G2 last in a cultured cell?
3.5hrs
48
How many hours does mitosis last in a cultured cell?
1hr
49
How do we remember the stages of mitosis?
PPMAT CYTOKINESIS
50
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell and gametes
51
What are the 2 types of gametes?
Ova (egg) Sperm
52
How are chromosomes organised?
Into 2 linear units
53
What are chromosomes formed by? (2)
DNA and highly condensed proteins
54
How many chromosomes are found in the DNA of a normal human cell?
46
55
How many autosomes are found in the DNA of a normal human cell?
44
56
How many sex chromosomes are found in the DNA of a normal human cell?
2
57
Which sex chromosomes are male?
XY
58
Which sex chromosomes are female?
XX
59
What are found on chromosomes? (5)
Telomere Centromere 2 sister chromatids Kinetochore Spindle microtubules
60
Why are telomeres useful on chromosomes?
They prevent the chromosome from degrading
61
Why are centromeres useful on chromosomes?
They allow the chromosomes to divide
62
Why are kinetochores useful on chromosomes?
They support the distribution of the mother’s genome to the daughter’s cells
63
Where are the telomeres found on chromosomes?
At the top of each chromatid
64
What is a nucleotide?
A structure made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
65
What is the sugar in a DNA molecule?
Deoxyribose
66
What can the nitrogenous base in a DNA nucleotide be? (4)
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
67
How can we remember the nitrogenous bases and which they pair to?
Apple tree (Adenine thymine) Car garage (Cytosine guanine)
68
What is a karyotype?
A person’s complete set of chromosomes
69
What is a karyotype used for? (3)
It’s used to check for abnormalities in the chromosome number or structure It’s useful in studying human evolution It’s useful in understanding some pathologies
70
How much of everyone’s karyotype is identical?
90%
71
When does fertilisation happen?
When a sperm cell successfully meets an egg cell in the fallopian tube
72
What is a sperm cell also known as?
A spermatozoon
73
What is an egg cell also known as?
An ova
74
What is embryogenesis?
The process where the embryo forms and develops
75
When is the embryonic period?
First 10 weeks of development
76
When is the fetal period?
Weeks 11-40
77
What are the 4 types of body tissues?
Nervous tissue Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue
78
What does nervous tissue contain? (3)
Brain Spinal cord Nerves
79
What does epithelial tissue contain? (2)
Lining of gastrointestinal tract (GI), organs and other hollow organs Skin surface (epidermis)
80
What does muscle tissue contain? (3)
Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle
81
What does connective tissue contain? (3)
Fat and other soft padding tissue Bone Tendon

Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology (25 decks)

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