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Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell?

A

The smallest structural and functional unit in a living being

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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3
Q

What is the key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do

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4
Q

What’s an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

What are examples of eukaryotic cells?
(4)

A

Protists
Fungi
Animals
Plants

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6
Q

What are viruses?

A

Acellular parasites that can’t reproduce on their own,so they need a host

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7
Q

What do viruses need to reproduce?

A

A host cell

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8
Q

What type of genome do viruses have?

A

A viral genome (DNA or RNA) encapsulated by proteins

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9
Q

What are the 2 distinct parts of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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10
Q

What are the cell components of a prototypic human cell? (NOT PROKARYOTIC)
(11)

A

Cell membrane
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Cytoplasm

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11
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

It forms the outer boundary of the cell which separates the inside of the cell from the outside. Therefore,it controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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12
Q

What does the nucleus do?
(2)

A

It contains the cell’s DNA in the form of chromosomes.

It allows for protein synthesis to happen through transcription and translation

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough
Smooth

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14
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) do?

A

It’s studded with ribosomes and packages and processes proteins in order to create and modify proteins

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15
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) do?
(3)

A

It synthesises and processes lipids
It plays a role in detoxification
It plays a role in calcium storage

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16
Q

What does the nucleus do?
(2)

A

It stores the main material of the cell
It’s the control centre of the cell

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17
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The core of the nucleus

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18
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

It contains rRNA and proteins that help to produce ribosomes

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19
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

They create amino acids into proteins

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20
Q

What do lysosomes do?
(2)

A

They contain highly acidic fluid which breaks down bacteria and cell debris

They play an important role in the immune system’s cells

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21
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

It creates ATP

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22
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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23
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

It modifies and packages lipids and proteins produced by the ER and prepared them for transport

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24
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

It’s a jelly like substance that fills the cell and provides an environment for many processes

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25
Q

What is the importance of the cell cycle?
(3)

A

Reproduce
Growth
Renewal of tissue

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26
Q

What happens in the cell cycle?

A

A cell divides into 2 new cells

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27
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?
(4)

A

Gap phase 1 (G1)
Synthesis (S)
Gap phase 2 (G2)
Mitosis

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28
Q

What are the stages of interphase?
(3)

A

Gap phase 1 (G1)
Synthesis (S)
Gap phase 2 (G2)

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29
Q

Which parts of the cell cycle contain cell growth?
(2)

A

Gap phase 1 (G1)
Gap phase 2 (G2)

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30
Q

Which part of the cell cycle includes DNA synthesis?

A

Synthesis (S)

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31
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?
(6)

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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32
Q

What happens during prophase of mitosis?
(3)

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible
Spindle fibres form
Nuclear envelope breaks down

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33
Q

What happened during prometaphase of mitosis?
(3)

A

Chromosomes continue to condense
Kinetochores appear at the centromeres
Mitosis spindle microtubules attach to kinetchores

34
Q

What happens during metaphase of mitosis?
(2)

A

Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

Each sister chromatid attaches to a spindle fibre from the opposite pole

35
Q

What happens during anaphase of mitosis?
(2)

A

Centromeres split in 2

Sister chromatids (which are now called chromosomes) are pulled to opposite poles

36
Q

What happens during telophase in mitosis?
(4)

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

Chromosomes start to decondense

Nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes

The spindle fibres continue to push the poles apart

37
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in the mitosis of animal cells?

A

A cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells

38
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in the mitosis of animal cells?

A

A cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells

39
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in the mitosis of plant cells?

A

A cell plate separates the daughter cells

40
Q

What are checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

They’re stages where the cell decides whether or not to progress through the cell cycle

41
Q

Why are checkpoints useful during the cell cycle?

A

They regulate the cell

42
Q

When do checkpoints occur during the cell cycle?
Why?
(4)

A

After G1 to check for DNA damage

After G2 to check for damaged or unduplicated DNA

After G2 to check for unduplicated centromeres

After mitosis to check that the chromosome attached to the mitotic spindle

43
Q

As well as checkpoints throughout the cell cycle, what is also found near the end of G1?

A

A restriction point

44
Q

What is a restriction point used for near the end of G1 in the cell cycle?
(2)

A

To check for cell size

To check for favourable environmental conditions7

45
Q

How many hours does G1 last in a cultured cell?

A

10hrs

46
Q

How many hours does synthesis last in a cultured cell?

A

7.5hrs

47
Q

How many hours does G2 last in a cultured cell?

A

3.5hrs

48
Q

How many hours does mitosis last in a cultured cell?

A

1hr

49
Q

How do we remember the stages of mitosis?

A

PPMAT CYTOKINESIS

50
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell and gametes

51
Q

What are the 2 types of gametes?

A

Ova (egg)
Sperm

52
Q

How are chromosomes organised?

A

Into 2 linear units

53
Q

What are chromosomes formed by?
(2)

A

DNA and highly condensed proteins

54
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the DNA of a normal human cell?

A

46

55
Q

How many autosomes are found in the DNA of a normal human cell?

A

44

56
Q

How many sex chromosomes are found in the DNA of a normal human cell?

A

2

57
Q

Which sex chromosomes are male?

A

XY

58
Q

Which sex chromosomes are female?

A

XX

59
Q

What are found on chromosomes?
(5)

A

Telomere
Centromere
2 sister chromatids
Kinetochore
Spindle microtubules

60
Q

Why are telomeres useful on chromosomes?

A

They prevent the chromosome from degrading

61
Q

Why are centromeres useful on chromosomes?

A

They allow the chromosomes to divide

62
Q

Why are kinetochores useful on chromosomes?

A

They support the distribution of the mother’s genome to the daughter’s cells

63
Q

Where are the telomeres found on chromosomes?

A

At the top of each chromatid

64
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A structure made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

65
Q

What is the sugar in a DNA molecule?

A

Deoxyribose

66
Q

What can the nitrogenous base in a DNA nucleotide be?
(4)

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

67
Q

How can we remember the nitrogenous bases and which they pair to?

A

Apple tree
(Adenine thymine)

Car garage
(Cytosine guanine)

68
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A person’s complete set of chromosomes

69
Q

What is a karyotype used for?
(3)

A

It’s used to check for abnormalities in the chromosome number or structure

It’s useful in studying human evolution

It’s useful in understanding some pathologies

70
Q

How much of everyone’s karyotype is identical?

A

90%

71
Q

When does fertilisation happen?

A

When a sperm cell successfully meets an egg cell in the fallopian tube

72
Q

What is a sperm cell also known as?

A

A spermatozoon

73
Q

What is an egg cell also known as?

A

An ova

74
Q

What is embryogenesis?

A

The process where the embryo forms and develops

75
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

First 10 weeks of development

76
Q

When is the fetal period?

A

Weeks 11-40

77
Q

What are the 4 types of body tissues?

A

Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue

78
Q

What does nervous tissue contain?
(3)

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

79
Q

What does epithelial tissue contain?
(2)

A

Lining of gastrointestinal tract (GI), organs and other hollow organs

Skin surface (epidermis)

80
Q

What does muscle tissue contain?
(3)

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle

81
Q

What does connective tissue contain?
(3)

A

Fat and other soft padding tissue
Bone
Tendon

Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology (12 decks)

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