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Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology > Facial Bones > Flashcards

Facial Bones Flashcards

1
Q

How many facial bones do we have?

A

14

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2
Q

How many paired facial bones do we have?

A

6

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3
Q

How many unpaired facial bones do we have?

A

2

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4
Q

What are the 6 paired facial bones called?

A

Inferior nasal conchae

Nasal bones

Maxillae

Palatine bones

Lacrimal bones

Zygomatic bones

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5
Q

What are the 2 unpaired facial bones called?

A

Mandible

Vomer

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6
Q

What are the main functions of the facial bones?
(4)

A

Characterising the shape of the human face

Protection for delicate organs, e.g. tonsils, throat, etc

Attachment for facial muscles

Passageway for the neurovascular structures

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7
Q

What does the fusion of the left and right maxillae at the midline form?

A

The upper jaw

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8
Q

What are the features of the maxillae?
(3)

A

It’s the central, paired bone within the viscerocranium

The fusion of the left and right maxillae at the midline forms the upper jaw

The intermaxillary suture is situated between the 2 maxillae

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9
Q

What are the components of the maxilla?
(5)

A

The body

The zygomatic process (zygomatic arch)

The frontal process

The alveolar process (teeth socket)

The palatine process (hard palate) (roof of mouth)

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10
Q

What is the primary function of the maxillae?

A

To support and secure the upper teeth in position

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11
Q

What do the zygomatic bones connect to?

A

The temporal bones

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12
Q

Which facial bone is this?

A

The maxillae

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13
Q

What are the features of the zygomatic bones?
(5)

A

They’re irregular paired bones located at the upper lateral part of the face

They’re referred to as cheek bones

They consist of 3 processes- frontal, maxillary and temporal processes

They articulate with the frontal bone, temporal bone, sphenoid bone and maxilla

They form the zygomatic arch

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14
Q

Which facial bone is this?

A

Zygomatic bone

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15
Q

What are the primary functions of the zygomatic bones?
(2)

A

Protects the eyes from direct blows

Provides attachment for masticatory muscles

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16
Q

What are the features of the lacrimal bones?
(3)

A

It’s the smallest and most delicate facial bone

It’s positioned in the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit

It has 2 surfaces (lateral and medial) and 4 borders (anterior, posterior, superior and inferior)

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17
Q

What are the main functions of the lacrimal bones?
(3)

A

Provides support for the lacrimal apparatus structures

It’s responsible for tear secretion and drainage

It provides an attachment site for the orbicularis oculi muscle

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18
Q

Which facial bone is this?

A

Lacrimal bone

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19
Q

What are the features of the inferior nasal conchae?
(2)

A

Longest and broadest among the 3 conchae

Distinct from the superior and middle nasal conchae

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20
Q

What are the other 2 conchae made of?

A

Cartilage

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21
Q

What is the inferior nasal conchae made of?

A

Bone

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22
Q

What are the functions of the inferior nasal conchae?
(2)

A

It contributes to the formation of the middle and inferior nasal meatus, which directs the majority of airflow

It participates in humidifcation, heating and filtering of the air inhaled through the nose

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23
Q

What part of the face is this?

A

Inferior nasal conchae

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24
Q

What are the features of the palatine bones?
(3)

A

They’re L-shaped bones located posterior to the nasal cavity

They’re interposed between the maxilla and sphenoid bones

It’s defined by its horizontal and perpendicular plates

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25
What are the main functions of palatine bones? (3)
It participates in the formation of the horizontal plate It participates in the formation of the perpendicular plate It contributes to a small portion of the orbital floor
26
What does the horizontal plate do?
It forms the posterior portion of the hard palate of the oral cavity
27
What does the perpendicular plate do?
It contributes to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
28
What are the features of the nasal bones? (3)
It’s a paired, rectangle-shaped bones located posterior The connection between the left and right nasal bones occur at the midline through the internasal suture It establishes various connections with surrounding bones
29
What are the primary functions of the nasal bones? (3)
To shape the bridge of the nose They contribute to the formation of the nasal aperture They provide protection to the nasal cavity against external factors
30
What are the features of the mandible? (4)
It forms the lower jaw It’s the largest facial bone, situated in the inferior portion of the face It’s not part of the skull but is connected to it through the TMJ It’s the only mobile bone in the head
31
How many ramus do we have?
2
32
What are the primary functions of the mandible? (3)
To shape to contours of the face, including the chin and jawline To support the lower teeth With the TMJ, the mandible gains the ability to move in multiple directions, facilitating speech and chewing
33
What are the features of the vomer? (2)
It’s situated in the midsagittal line It’s a flat plate of bone situated vertically in the nasal cavity
34
What is the most complex joint in the body?
Temperomandibular joint (TMJ)
35
What type of joint is TMJ?
A hinge and ellispoid joint
36
What does TMJ stand for?
Temperomandibular joint
37
Where is the TMJ situated on the face?
Lateral aspect
38
What 3 surfaces does the TMJ articulate with? (3)
Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Head of the mandible
39
What are the functions of the TMJ? (5)
Protrusion Retraction Elevation Depression Lateral … movements of the mandible
40
What are movements of the mandible driven by in the TMJ?
4 muscles of mastication and hyoid muscles
41
What are the muscles of mastication? (4)
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
42
What are the features of the masseter muscle? (2)
It’s quadrangular in shape, with deep and superficial parts It’s recognised as the most powerful muscle for mastication
43
Which muscle is recognised as the most powerful muscle for mastication?
The masseter
44
What is the feature of the temporalis muscle?
It originates from the temporal fossa
45
46
What are the features of the medial pterygoid muscle? (2)
It’s quadrangular, with deep and superficial heads It’s positioned inferiority to the lateral pterygoid
47
What are the features of the lateral pterygoid muscle? (2)
It’s triangular in shape with superior and inferior heads It’s the major protractor of the mandible
48
Which muscle of mastication is this?
Masseter muscle
49
Which muscle of mastication is this?
Temporalis muscle
50
Which muscles of mastication are these?
51
What 2 parts does the tooth consist of?
Crown Root
52
What do the upper teeth connect to?
The maxilla
53
What do the lower teeth connect to?
The mandible
54
Label the tooth:
55
What is the end of the root of the tooth called?
The apex
56
Where is the apical foramen located?
At the apex of the tooth
57
What does the apical foramen do? (2)
It allows blood vessels and nerves into the dental pulp It’s a potential pathway for pulp infection
58
Which parts of the tooth do we tend to have issues with? (4)
Enamel Dentine Dental pulp/pulp cavity Cementum
59
What does the enamel of the tooth do? (2)
Provides thermal insulation Protects vital tissues but is susceptible to dental issues
60
What does the dentine of the tooth do?
It forms most hard tooth structure
61
What does the dental pulp/pulp cavity do?
It contains vessels and nerves
62
What does the dental pulp/pulp cavity do?
It contains vessels and nerves
63
Label the tooth:
64
Label the tooth:
65
What does human dentition mean?
The arrangement and/or condition of teeth in humans
66
What is the human dentition? (4)
There’s 2 sets of teeth There’s upper (maxillary) arches and lower (mandibular) arches The arches are divided into left and right quadrants along the mid-sagittal plane The teeth are situated in alveolar sockets, and are connected to the bone by a suspension periodontal ligament (gomphosis)
67
68
What are the 2 types of human dentition?
Primary dentition Permanent dentition
69
Label the primary dentition:
70
Label the permanent dentition:
71
What type of tooth is this?
Left upper permanent tooth- central incisors
72
What type of tooth is this?
Left upper permanent tooth- lateral incisors
73
74
What type of tooth is this?
Left lower permanent tooth- central incisors
75
What type of tooth is this?
Left lower permanent tooth- lateral incisors
76
What type of tooth is this?
Left upper permanent tooth- canines (cuspids)
77
What type of tooth is this?
Left lower permanent tooth- canines (cuspids)
78
What type of teeth are these?
Left upper permanent teeth- premolars
79
What type of teeth are these?
Left lower permanent teeth- premolars
80
What type of teeth are these?
Left upper permanent teeth- molars
81
What type of teeth are these?
Left lower permanent teeth- molars
82
Label the upper permanent teeth:
83
Label the lower permanent teeth:
84
When does the upper central incisor erupt (primary dentition)?
8-10months
85
What are the features of primary dentition? (3)
It’s composed of 20 teeth, 10 in each arch There’s 5 teeth in each quadrant Eruption begins at 6 months of age
86
What are the 5 teeth in each quadrant during primary dentition called?
Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine 1st molar 2nd molar
87
When does the upper lateral incisor erupt (primary dentition)?
8-10 months
88
When does the upper canine (cuspid) erupt (primary dentition)?
16-20 months
89
When does the upper 1st molar erupt (primary dentition)?
15-21 months
90
When does the upper 2nd molar erupt (primary dentition)?
20-24 months
91
When does the lower 2nd molar erupt (primary dentition)?
20-24 months
92
When does the lower 1st molar erupt (primary dentition)?
15-21 months
93
When does the lower canine (cuspid) erupt (primary dentition)?
16-20 months
94
When does the lower lateral incisor erupt (primary dentition)?
15-21 months
95
When does the lower central incisor erupt (primary dentition)?
6-9months
96
What are the features of permanent dentition? (4)
It’s composed of 32 teeth, 16 in each arch There’s 8 teeth in each quadrant Eruption starts at 6 years of age The complete eruption of teeth occurs at around 13 years old, except for the wisdom teeth, which usually erupt by 21 years old
97
What are the 8 teeth that are in each quadrant in permanent dentition?
Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine 1st premolar 2nd premolar 1st molar 2nd molar 3rd molar/wisdom teeth
98
Label the teeth from permanent dentition:
99
When does the upper central incisor erupt (permanent dentition)?
7th year
100
When does the upper lateral incisor erupt (permanent dentition)?
8th year
101
When does the upper canine (cuspid) erupt (permanent dentition)?
11th-12th year
102
When does the upper 1st premolar erupt (permanent dentition)?
9th year
103
When does the upper 2nd premolar erupt (permanent dentition)?
10th year
104
When does the upper 1st molar erupt (permanent dentition)?
6th year
105
When does the upper 2nd molar erupt (permanent dentition)?
12th-13th year
106
When do the 3rd molars/wisdom teeth erupt (permanent dentition)?
17th-25th year
107
When do the lower 2nd molar erupt (permanent dentition)?
12th-13th year
108
When does the lower 1st molar erupt (permanent dentition)?
6th year
109
When does the lower 2nd premolar erupt (permanent dentition)?
10th year
110
When does the lower 1st premolar erupt (permanent dentition)?
9th year
111
When does the lower canine (cuspid) erupt (permanent dentition)?
11th-12th year
112
When does the lower lateral incisior erupt (permanent dentition)?
8th year
113
When does the lower central incisor erupt (permanent dentition)?
7th year
114
115
What are the dental functions? (3)
Mastication- chewing, breaking down foods, nutrition Speech- enabling us to pronounce words Shaping the face- plays an important role in one’s smile, self confidence and facial aesthetics
116
What are the features of the incisors? (6)
Primary and permanent dentition have 4 uppers and 4 lowers They’re closest to the midline (anterior region) They have straight edges designed for incising food They’re positioned at the front of the mouth They’re important for function and aesthetics They’re more prone to trauma injuries
117
What are the features of the canines? (5)
Primary and permanent dentition have 2 uppers and 2 lowers They’re positioned at the corners of the mouth They have sharp, triangular incisal edges for piercing and holding food They have long, stable roots that are capable of withstanding more than incisors They commonly have insufficient space to erupt
118
What are the features of premolars? (4)
They’re only found in permanent dentition There’s 4 uppers and 4 lowers They’re positioned between Cannes and molars Sometimes dentists extract premolars to relieve severe dental crowding before orthodontic treatment (braces)
119
What are the features of molars? (5)
Primary dentition has 4 uppers and 4 lowers Permanent dentition has 6 upper and 6 lowers They’re located at the posterior region They’re designed for crushing and chewing food before swallowing Molars are prone to dental caries due to deep grooves on the surface and wider points of contact
120

Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology (25 decks)

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