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Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

The production of blood cellular components

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2
Q

Where are postnatal blood cells formed?

A

In the bone marrow

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3
Q

Where can haematopoiesis occur in children?

A

In the medullary cavity of long bones

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4
Q

Where can haematopoiesis occur in adults?
(6)

A

The cranial bones
The pelvic bones
The vertebrae
The sternum
The proximal epiphyses of the femur
The proximal epiphysis of the humerus

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5
Q

What are the functions of the blood?
(3)

A

Transportation

Protection

Regulation

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6
Q

What does the blood transport?
(4)

A

Gases

Nutrients

Wastes

Hormones

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7
Q

What does the blood regulate?
(3)

A

PH

Temperature

Water balance

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8
Q

How does the blood protect the body?
(2)

A

Immune response

Clotting

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9
Q

What does the plasma contain?
(6)

A

Water

Ions

Nutrients

Wastes

Gases

Proteins

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10
Q

What are red blood cells also known as?

A

Erythrocytes

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11
Q

What % do red blood cells make of the total number of blood cells?

A

99%

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12
Q

What do red blood cells/erythrocytes do?

A

They deliver oxygen from the lungs to the tissues in the body

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

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14
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

They make antibodies

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15
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?
(2)

A

They help to kill tumour cells

They help to control immune responses

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16
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

They play a role in both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes during immune responses

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17
Q

What are blood cells made up of?
(3)

A

Red blood cells/erythrocytes

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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18
Q

What are all the blood cells?
(4)

A

Eosinophils

Basophils

Neutrophils

Platelets

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19
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

They destroy parasites that are too large to phagocytose

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20
Q

Where would we see larger numbers of eosinophils (eosinophilia)?

A

In certain allergic disorders

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21
Q

What do basophils do?

A

They defend the body from allergens, pathogens and parasites.

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22
Q

What can happen if basophils bind to the antigen of allergens, pathogens or parasites?

A

It can trigger certain reactions such as vasodilation and hay fever

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23
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

They’re one of the first cells to respond against micro-organisms, such as viruses and bacteria. They phagocyte and release enzymes to kill them

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24
Q

What do platelets do?
(2)

A

They prevent and stop bleeding

They heal wounds through blood clotting

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25
Q

How many blood group systems are there?

A

33

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26
Q

What are the 2 main blood group systems?

A

ABO blood group system

Rh blood group system

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27
Q

What are the 2 main blood group systems?

A

ABO blood group system

Rh blood group syste

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28
Q

What are all the blood types?
(4)

A

A
B
AB
O

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29
Q

What type of antibodies does red blood cell A have in its plasma?

A

Anti-B

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30
Q

What type of antibodies does red blood cell B have in its plasma?

A

Anti-A

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31
Q

What type of antibodies does red blood cell AB have in its plasma?

A

None

32
Q

What type of antibodies does red blood cell O have in its plasma?

A

Anti-A
Anti-B

33
Q

What is the Rh blood group system?

A

The seconds most important blood group system that’s based on the presence or absence of antigen D

34
Q

Who are people that have antigen D called?

A

Rh positive

35
Q

Who are people that don’t have antigen D called?

A

Rh negative

36
Q

What is the universal donor blood type?

A

O-

37
Q

What is the rarest blood type?

A

AB-

38
Q

What is antigen D also known as?

A

Red antigen

39
Q

What does it mean if someone has a high white blood cell count?
(2)

A

They either have an autoimmune disease or
Their body is fighting infection

40
Q

What is PSA?

A

It’s the unit that’s used for prostate cancer in men

41
Q

What does the MCV do?

A

It measures the size of red blood cells

42
Q

What does it mean if someone has a high platelet count?

A

They probably have chronic leading, so they likely have a problem in their large bowel (intestine)

43
Q

What is the lymph system also known as?

A

Lymphatic system

44
Q

What is the lymph?

A

A collection of extra fluid and waste from cells, so it’s not reabsorbed

45
Q

As well as a collection of extra fluid, what else does the lymph do?

A

It transports lymphocytes

46
Q

Why is it important to know that lymph nodes are part of the lymph?

A

Because some cancers get metasized (spread) through the lymph, and some cancers can affect the lymph directly

47
Q

What is the first symptom of breast cancer?

A

The lymph nodes get swollen

48
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The process of maintaining stable conditions

49
Q

What does homeostasis include?
(3)

A

A receptor

A control centre

An effector

50
Q

What are examples of homeostasis?
(4)

A

Temperature regulation

Glucose regulation

Blood pressure regulation

Calcium regulation

51
Q

What happens when the body temperature falls in homeostasis?
(5)

A

Blood vessels constrict (tighten) to conserve heat

Sweat glands don’t secrete fluid

Shivering generates heat, which warms the body

Heat is retained

Body temperature rises to normal

52
Q

What is shivering?

A

The involuntary contraction of muscles

53
Q

What happens when the body temperature rises in homeostasis?
(5)

A

Blood vessels dilate (open), allowing for heat loss to the environment

Sweat glands secrete fluid

As the fluid evaporates, heat is lost from the body

Heat is lost to the environment

Body temperature decreases back to normal

54
Q

What is temperature regulation an example of
(Not homeostasis)

A

Negative feedback

55
Q

What happens when the blood glucose levels rise in homeostasis?
(5)

A

Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin into the blood

The liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen (glycogenesis)

The body cells take up glucose

The blood glucose levels decline

They return to normal

56
Q

What happens when the blood glucose levels falling homeostasis?
(4)

A

Alpha cells in pancreas release glucagon

Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose (glycogenolysis)

Blood glucose levels rise

They return to normal

57
Q

What happens when the pancreas can’t release insulin or glucagon?

A

Diabetes occurs

58
Q

Which cells in the pancreas release insulin?

A

Beta cells

59
Q

Which cells in the pancreas release glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

60
Q

What is the normal blood pressure (BP) value?

A

120/80 or 12/8

61
Q

What happens when the blood pressure increases in homeostasis?
(8)

A

The baroreceptor (pressurereceptor) detects this

Cardiac inhibitors increase

Cardiac accelerators decrease

Vasomotor decreases

The cardiac output decreases

Vasodilation increases

Blood vessels dilate (open)

Blood pressure decreases back to normal

62
Q

What is a cardiac inhibitor?

A

Something that widens blood vessels to make blood flow easier

63
Q

What is a cardiac accelerator?

A

Something that tightens blood vessels to make it harder for blood to flow

64
Q

What happens when the blood pressure decreases in homeostasis?
(8)

A

Baroreceptor (pressurereceptor) detects the decrease

The cardiac inhibitor decreases

The cardiac accelerator increases

The vasomotor increases

The cardiac output increases

Vasoconstriction increases

Blood vessels constrict (tighten)

Blood pressure increases back to normal

65
Q

What does a vasomotor do?

A

It changes the diameter of blood vessels which affects blood flow

66
Q

What happens when calcium ion levels are high in homeostasis?
(7)

A

The thyroid releases calcitonin

This increases the osteoblast activity

The bones store calcium ions

There’s a decrease in the calcium ion uptake in the intestines

There’s a decrease in the calcium ion reabsorption in the kidneys

Calcium ion levels decrease

Normal calcium ion levels in blood

67
Q

What happens when calcium ion levels are low in homeostasis?
(7)

A

The parathyroid release the parathyroid hormone (PTH)

This increases osteoclast activity

More calcium ions are released

There’s a decrease in the levels of calcium ion reuptake in the intestines

There’s an increase in the levels of calcium reabsorption in the kidneys

Calcium levels increase

There’s a normal calcium ion level in the blood

68
Q

Where is the thyroid found?

A

In the neck

69
Q

What releases calcitonin to lower calcium ion levels?

A

The thyroid

70
Q

What releases PTH to raise calcium ion levels?

A

The parathyroid

71
Q

What are examples of positive feedback?
(2)

A

Blood clotting

Childbirth

72
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

The idea that an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the change in the original condition

73
Q

What happens in blood clotting?
(10)

A

A break into blood vessel wall causes bleeding

Damaged calls release chemicals

Platelets begin to clot blood

Additional chemicals are released

Clotting accelerates

Additional chemicals are released

Clotting accelerates

(Etc…)

The blood clot plugs the break in the vessel wall

Bleeding stops

74
Q

What happens in childbirth?
(5)

A

The head of the baby pushes against the cervix

Nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain

The brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin

Oxytocin is carried to the uterus through the bloodstream

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes the baby towards the cervix

75
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The exit of the uterus

Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology (12 decks)

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