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Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

The production of blood cellular components

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2
Q

Where are postnatal blood cells formed?

A

In the bone marrow

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3
Q

Where can haematopoiesis occur in children?

A

In the medullary cavity of long bones

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4
Q

Where can haematopoiesis occur in adults?
(6)

A

The cranial bones
The pelvic bones
The vertebrae
The sternum
The proximal epiphyses of the femur
The proximal epiphysis of the humerus

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5
Q

What are the functions of the blood?
(3)

A

Transportation

Protection

Regulation

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6
Q

What does the blood transport?
(4)

A

Gases

Nutrients

Wastes

Hormones

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7
Q

What does the blood regulate?
(3)

A

PH

Temperature

Water balance

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8
Q

How does the blood protect the body?
(2)

A

Immune response

Clotting

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9
Q

What does the plasma contain?
(6)

A

Water

Ions

Nutrients

Wastes

Gases

Proteins

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10
Q

What are red blood cells also known as?

A

Erythrocytes

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11
Q

What % do red blood cells make of the total number of blood cells?

A

99%

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12
Q

What do red blood cells/erythrocytes do?

A

They deliver oxygen from the lungs to the tissues in the body

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

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14
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

They make antibodies

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15
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?
(2)

A

They help to kill tumour cells

They help to control immune responses

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16
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

They play a role in both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes during immune responses

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17
Q

What are blood cells made up of?
(3)

A

Red blood cells/erythrocytes

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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18
Q

What are all the blood cells?
(4)

A

Eosinophils

Basophils

Neutrophils

Platelets

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19
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

They destroy parasites that are too large to phagocytose

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20
Q

Where would we see larger numbers of eosinophils (eosinophilia)?

A

In certain allergic disorders

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21
Q

What do basophils do?

A

They defend the body from allergens, pathogens and parasites.

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22
Q

What can happen if basophils bind to the antigen of allergens, pathogens or parasites?

A

It can trigger certain reactions such as vasodilation and hay fever

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23
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

They’re one of the first cells to respond against micro-organisms, such as viruses and bacteria. They phagocyte and release enzymes to kill them

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24
Q

What do platelets do?
(2)

A

They prevent and stop bleeding

They heal wounds through blood clotting

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25
How many blood group systems are there?
33
26
What are the 2 main blood group systems?
ABO blood group system Rh blood group system
27
What are the 2 main blood group systems?
ABO blood group system Rh blood group syste
28
What are all the blood types? (4)
A B AB O
29
What type of antibodies does red blood cell A have in its plasma?
Anti-B
30
What type of antibodies does red blood cell B have in its plasma?
Anti-A
31
What type of antibodies does red blood cell AB have in its plasma?
None
32
What type of antibodies does red blood cell O have in its plasma?
Anti-A Anti-B
33
What is the Rh blood group system?
The seconds most important blood group system that’s based on the presence or absence of antigen D
34
Who are people that have antigen D called?
Rh positive
35
Who are people that don’t have antigen D called?
Rh negative
36
What is the universal donor blood type?
O-
37
What is the rarest blood type?
AB-
38
What is antigen D also known as?
Red antigen
39
What does it mean if someone has a high white blood cell count? (2)
They either have an autoimmune disease or Their body is fighting infection
40
What is PSA?
It’s the unit that’s used for prostate cancer in men
41
What does the MCV do?
It measures the size of red blood cells
42
What does it mean if someone has a high platelet count?
They probably have chronic leading, so they likely have a problem in their large bowel (intestine)
43
What is the lymph system also known as?
Lymphatic system
44
What is the lymph?
A collection of extra fluid and waste from cells, so it’s not reabsorbed
45
As well as a collection of extra fluid, what else does the lymph do?
It transports lymphocytes
46
Why is it important to know that lymph nodes are part of the lymph?
Because some cancers get metasized (spread) through the lymph, and some cancers can affect the lymph directly
47
What is the first symptom of breast cancer?
The lymph nodes get swollen
48
What is homeostasis?
The process of maintaining stable conditions
49
What does homeostasis include? (3)
A receptor A control centre An effector
50
What are examples of homeostasis? (4)
Temperature regulation Glucose regulation Blood pressure regulation Calcium regulation
51
What happens when the body temperature falls in homeostasis? (5)
Blood vessels constrict (tighten) to conserve heat Sweat glands don’t secrete fluid Shivering generates heat, which warms the body Heat is retained Body temperature rises to normal
52
What is shivering?
The involuntary contraction of muscles
53
What happens when the body temperature rises in homeostasis? (5)
Blood vessels dilate (open), allowing for heat loss to the environment Sweat glands secrete fluid As the fluid evaporates, heat is lost from the body Heat is lost to the environment Body temperature decreases back to normal
54
What is temperature regulation an example of (Not homeostasis)
Negative feedback
55
What happens when the blood glucose levels rise in homeostasis? (5)
Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin into the blood The liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen (glycogenesis) The body cells take up glucose The blood glucose levels decline They return to normal
56
What happens when the blood glucose levels falling homeostasis? (4)
Alpha cells in pancreas release glucagon Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose (glycogenolysis) Blood glucose levels rise They return to normal
57
What happens when the pancreas can’t release insulin or glucagon?
Diabetes occurs
58
Which cells in the pancreas release insulin?
Beta cells
59
Which cells in the pancreas release glucagon?
Alpha cells
60
What is the normal blood pressure (BP) value?
120/80 or 12/8
61
What happens when the blood pressure increases in homeostasis? (8)
The baroreceptor (pressurereceptor) detects this Cardiac inhibitors increase Cardiac accelerators decrease Vasomotor decreases The cardiac output decreases Vasodilation increases Blood vessels dilate (open) Blood pressure decreases back to normal
62
What is a cardiac inhibitor?
Something that widens blood vessels to make blood flow easier
63
What is a cardiac accelerator?
Something that tightens blood vessels to make it harder for blood to flow
64
What happens when the blood pressure decreases in homeostasis? (8)
Baroreceptor (pressurereceptor) detects the decrease The cardiac inhibitor decreases The cardiac accelerator increases The vasomotor increases The cardiac output increases Vasoconstriction increases Blood vessels constrict (tighten) Blood pressure increases back to normal
65
What does a vasomotor do?
It changes the diameter of blood vessels which affects blood flow
66
What happens when calcium ion levels are high in homeostasis? (7)
The thyroid releases calcitonin This increases the osteoblast activity The bones store calcium ions There’s a decrease in the calcium ion uptake in the intestines There’s a decrease in the calcium ion reabsorption in the kidneys Calcium ion levels decrease Normal calcium ion levels in blood
67
What happens when calcium ion levels are low in homeostasis? (7)
The parathyroid release the parathyroid hormone (PTH) This increases osteoclast activity More calcium ions are released There’s a decrease in the levels of calcium ion reuptake in the intestines There’s an increase in the levels of calcium reabsorption in the kidneys Calcium levels increase There’s a normal calcium ion level in the blood
68
Where is the thyroid found?
In the neck
69
What releases calcitonin to lower calcium ion levels?
The thyroid
70
What releases PTH to raise calcium ion levels?
The parathyroid
71
What are examples of positive feedback? (2)
Blood clotting Childbirth
72
What is positive feedback?
The idea that an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the change in the original condition
73
What happens in blood clotting? (10)
A break into blood vessel wall causes bleeding Damaged calls release chemicals Platelets begin to clot blood Additional chemicals are released Clotting accelerates Additional chemicals are released Clotting accelerates (Etc…) The blood clot plugs the break in the vessel wall Bleeding stops
74
What happens in childbirth? (5)
The head of the baby pushes against the cervix Nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain The brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin Oxytocin is carried to the uterus through the bloodstream Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes the baby towards the cervix
75
What is the cervix?
The exit of the uterus

Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology (25 decks)

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