The Skeleton Flashcards
What are the 2 types of skeletons?
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
What is an axial skeleton?
It’s the skeleton in the middle of the body
What is an appendicular skeleton?
It’s the part of the skeleton that moves more
What makes up the axial skeleton?
(6)
Skull
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Ribs
Sternum
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
(3)
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pelvic bones
How many bones does an average adult have?
206 bones
What is the musculoskeletal system made up of?
(6)
Specialised connective tissues
Bone
Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments
Skeletal muscles
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
What colour is hyaline cartilage under a microscope?
Purple/grey/blue
What is the most common cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
(7)
It makes up the embryonic skeleton
It’s in human adults at the ends of bones in free moving joints as articulate cartilage
It’s at the end of the ribs
It’s in the nose
It’s in the larynx
It’s in the trachea
It’s in the bronchi
What do the ribs connect to?
The sternum
What colour is fibrocartilage under a microscope?
White
Where is fibrocartilage found?
(5)
In the spinal vertebrae
The menisci of the knee
The glenoid labra
The acetabular labra
The lining of the bony grooves for tendons
What colour is elastic cartilage under a microscope?
Yellow
Where is elastic cartilage found?
(3)
The external ear
The auditory tube of the middle ear
The epiglottis
What is the epiglottis?
A flap in the larynx (throat)
Why is elastic cartilage more flexible that the others?
It contains elastic fibres and collagen
What is a joint?
A connection that connects bones together
What is a joint also known as?
(2)
An articulation
An articulation surface
What does the type and characteristics of a joint determine?
(2)
It’s degree
The type of movement
What is osteoarthritis?
The condition that’s caused by issues in the cartilage in the joint, which causes limited movement
What can joints be classified by?
(2)
Their function
Their structure
What are the 3 types of joints?
Immoveable
Slightly moveable
Freely moveable
What are the 3 joints in the body?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What type of joint are immoveable joints?
Fibrous
What type of joint are slightly moveable joints?
Cartilaginous
What type of joint are freely moveable joints?
Synovial
Why are synovial joints the most complex?
Because they allow for a large range of movement
What are all the fibrous joints?
(3)
Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
What are all the cartilaginous joints?
(2)
Synchondrosis
Symphysis
What does the symphysis joint do?
(2)
It connects the left and right pelvic bone
It connects the menubrium and body of the sternum
What can the synovial joints be classified as?
(6)
Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condyloid/ellipsoid joint
Saddle joint
Ball and socket joint
What does the plane joint do?
It lets the joint slide in 2 directions
What are the 3 types of plane joints?
Intercarpal
Intertarsal
Acromiomclavicular
What is an intercarpal joint?
Joints in the wrists
What is an intertarsal joint?
Joints in the feet
Where is the hinge joint found?
In between the talia and fibrilia
What does the hinge joint do?
It allows movement in only one direction- back and forth, bending and straightening
What does the pivot joint do?
It allows axial rotation
What does the condyloid/ellipsoid joint do?
It allows movement in 2 planes
What does the saddle joint do?
It allows movement in the saggital and frontal planes
What does the ball and socket joint do?
It allows forward, backward, sideways and rotating movements (it’s the most moveable joint)
What does the skull connect to?
The spine
What joint is the joint of the thumb called?
Carpometacarpal joint
What is the joint of the shoulder called?
The head of the humerus and glenoid fossa
What are the 3 types of muscles?
Skeletal muscle cells
Cardiac muscle cells
Smooth muscle cells
What do skeletal muscles do?
(3)
They attach to the bone by tendons, and together, they produce all the movements of the body
It provides structural support
It helps in maintaining the posture of the body
What are the 3 types of connective tissue in skeletal muscle?
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
What does endomysium do?
It surrounds individual muscle fibers
What does perimysium do?
It surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles)
What are fascicles?
Bundles of muscle fibers
What does epimysium do?
It surrounds the entire muscle
What are the morphological types of muscle?
(13)
Quadrilateral
Strap
Strap with tendinitis intersections
Fusiform
Digastric
Tricipital
Triangular
Crucial
Spiral
Multipennate
Radial
Bipennate
Unipennate
What is the origin of a muscle?
The attachment of a muscle onto the more stable bones
What is the insertion of a muscle?
The attachment of a muscle, via a tendon, onto the more moveable bone
What does digiti mean?
It refers to a finger or toe
What does minimi mean?
Little
What’s the smallest and lightest bone of the human skeleton?
The stapes in the middle ear
What do the stapes in the middle ear do?
They transmit sound waves from the air outside to the cochlea
What is the function of a tendon?
To move a bone or structure. It connects muscle to bone
What are ligaments?
Fibrous connective tissues that bind bones together and stabilise structures
Where can we find ligaments?
(2)
At the ACL and the PCL
What is the bone made up of?
(3)
Bone minerals
Cells
Bone organic matrix
What bone minerals make up the bone?
(2)
Calcium
Phosphate
What cells make up the bone?
(4)
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteogenic cells
What bone organic matrix makes up the bone?
(4)
Collagen
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Carbohydrates
What happens during the development of an osteocyte
(4)
Osteoclast resorbs (destroys) bone
Osteogenic cell forms, which is a stem cell (it can differentiate into the other cells)
Osteoblast forms bone matrix
Osteocyte maintains bone tissue
What is a bone without mineral described as?
Flexible
What is a bone without collagen described as?
Brittle
What is the primary differentiation pathway for Osteogenic cells?
(3)
Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes (after the osteoblasts become embedded in the bone matrix)
Why is the differentiation of Osteogenic cells important?
(3)
It’s essential for bone growth, remodelling and repair
What is the macroscopic classification of a bone?
(2)
Compact bone
Trabecular/spongy bone
What is a compact bone?
The outside lining of the bone
What does periosteum do?
It covers the outer surface of bones
What does endosteum do?
It covers the inner surface of bones
What can bones be classified as?
(5)
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone
What are the long bones?
(2)
Humerus
Femur
What are the short bones?
(2)
Tarsals
Carpals
What are the flat bones?
(2)
Cranial bones
Sternum
What are the irregular bones?
(2)
Vertebrae
Sacrum
What is the sesamoid bone?
Patella
What’s the longest and strongest bone of the human skeleton?
Femur
What are long bones composed of?
(5)
Proximal and distal ephiphysis
Proximal and distal metaphysis
Diaphysis
Articulation cartilage
Endosteum and periosteum
What is the epiphysis?
The bottom part of the bone
What is the diaphysis?
The middle of the bone
Where does ossification start?
In diaphysis
What is osteogenesis?
The process of bone formation
What are the 2 types of ossification?
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
What happens in intramembranous ossification?
(2)
Mesenchymal tissue is directly converted into bone
It’s also the way that flat bones in the skull form
What happens in endochondral ossification?
Cartilage tissue is formed, and then it’s replaced by bone
What is mesenchymal tissue?
It’s the tissue that we have when we’re a foetus
What’s a neonatal arm?
The arm of a baby that’s just been born
