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Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology > The Skeleton > Flashcards

The Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of skeletons?

A

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

What is an axial skeleton?

A

It’s the skeleton in the middle of the body

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3
Q

What is an appendicular skeleton?

A

It’s the part of the skeleton that moves more

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4
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?
(6)

A

Skull

Vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

Ribs

Sternum

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5
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
(3)

A

Upper limbs

Lower limbs

Pelvic bones

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6
Q

How many bones does an average adult have?

A

206 bones

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7
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system made up of?
(6)

A

Specialised connective tissues

Bone

Cartilage

Tendons

Ligaments

Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

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9
Q

What colour is hyaline cartilage under a microscope?

A

Purple/grey/blue

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10
Q

What is the most common cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?
(7)

A

It makes up the embryonic skeleton

It’s in human adults at the ends of bones in free moving joints as articulate cartilage

It’s at the end of the ribs

It’s in the nose

It’s in the larynx

It’s in the trachea

It’s in the bronchi

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12
Q

What do the ribs connect to?

A

The sternum

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13
Q

What colour is fibrocartilage under a microscope?

A

White

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14
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?
(5)

A

In the spinal vertebrae

The menisci of the knee

The glenoid labra

The acetabular labra

The lining of the bony grooves for tendons

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15
Q

What colour is elastic cartilage under a microscope?

A

Yellow

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16
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?
(3)

A

The external ear

The auditory tube of the middle ear

The epiglottis

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17
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap in the larynx (throat)

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18
Q

Why is elastic cartilage more flexible that the others?

A

It contains elastic fibres and collagen

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19
Q

What is a joint?

A

A connection that connects bones together

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20
Q

What is a joint also known as?
(2)

A

An articulation

An articulation surface

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21
Q

What does the type and characteristics of a joint determine?
(2)

A

It’s degree

The type of movement

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22
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

The condition that’s caused by issues in the cartilage in the joint, which causes limited movement

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23
Q

What can joints be classified by?
(2)

A

Their function

Their structure

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Immoveable

Slightly moveable

Freely moveable

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25
Q

What are the 3 joints in the body?

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

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26
Q

What type of joint are immoveable joints?

A

Fibrous

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27
Q

What type of joint are slightly moveable joints?

A

Cartilaginous

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28
Q

What type of joint are freely moveable joints?

A

Synovial

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29
Q

Why are synovial joints the most complex?

A

Because they allow for a large range of movement

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30
Q

What are all the fibrous joints?
(3)

A

Suture

Syndesmosis

Gomphosis

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31
Q

What are all the cartilaginous joints?
(2)

A

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

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32
Q

What does the symphysis joint do?
(2)

A

It connects the left and right pelvic bone

It connects the menubrium and body of the sternum

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33
Q

What can the synovial joints be classified as?
(6)

A

Plane joint

Hinge joint

Pivot joint

Condyloid/ellipsoid joint

Saddle joint

Ball and socket joint

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34
Q

What does the plane joint do?

A

It lets the joint slide in 2 directions

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35
Q

What are the 3 types of plane joints?

A

Intercarpal

Intertarsal

Acromiomclavicular

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36
Q

What is an intercarpal joint?

A

Joints in the wrists

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37
Q

What is an intertarsal joint?

A

Joints in the feet

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38
Q

Where is the hinge joint found?

A

In between the talia and fibrilia

39
Q

What does the hinge joint do?

A

It allows movement in only one direction- back and forth, bending and straightening

40
Q

What does the pivot joint do?

A

It allows axial rotation

41
Q

What does the condyloid/ellipsoid joint do?

A

It allows movement in 2 planes

42
Q

What does the saddle joint do?

A

It allows movement in the saggital and frontal planes

43
Q

What does the ball and socket joint do?

A

It allows forward, backward, sideways and rotating movements (it’s the most moveable joint)

44
Q

What does the skull connect to?

A

The spine

45
Q

What joint is the joint of the thumb called?

A

Carpometacarpal joint

46
Q

What is the joint of the shoulder called?

A

The head of the humerus and glenoid fossa

47
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

A

Skeletal muscle cells

Cardiac muscle cells

Smooth muscle cells

48
Q

What do skeletal muscles do?
(3)

A

They attach to the bone by tendons, and together, they produce all the movements of the body

It provides structural support

It helps in maintaining the posture of the body

49
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue in skeletal muscle?

A

Endomysium

Perimysium

Epimysium

50
Q

What does endomysium do?

A

It surrounds individual muscle fibers

51
Q

What does perimysium do?

A

It surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles)

52
Q

What are fascicles?

A

Bundles of muscle fibers

53
Q

What does epimysium do?

A

It surrounds the entire muscle

54
Q

What are the morphological types of muscle?
(13)

A

Quadrilateral
Strap
Strap with tendinitis intersections
Fusiform
Digastric
Tricipital
Triangular
Crucial
Spiral
Multipennate
Radial
Bipennate
Unipennate

55
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

The attachment of a muscle onto the more stable bones

56
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

The attachment of a muscle, via a tendon, onto the more moveable bone

57
Q

What does digiti mean?

A

It refers to a finger or toe

58
Q

What does minimi mean?

A

Little

59
Q

What’s the smallest and lightest bone of the human skeleton?

A

The stapes in the middle ear

60
Q

What do the stapes in the middle ear do?

A

They transmit sound waves from the air outside to the cochlea

61
Q

What is the function of a tendon?

A

To move a bone or structure. It connects muscle to bone

62
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Fibrous connective tissues that bind bones together and stabilise structures

63
Q

Where can we find ligaments?
(2)

A

At the ACL and the PCL

64
Q

What is the bone made up of?
(3)

A

Bone minerals

Cells

Bone organic matrix

65
Q

What bone minerals make up the bone?
(2)

A

Calcium

Phosphate

66
Q

What cells make up the bone?
(4)

A

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

Osteogenic cells

67
Q

What bone organic matrix makes up the bone?
(4)

A

Collagen

Proteins

Glycoproteins

Carbohydrates

68
Q

What happens during the development of an osteocyte
(4)

A

Osteoclast resorbs (destroys) bone

Osteogenic cell forms, which is a stem cell (it can differentiate into the other cells)

Osteoblast forms bone matrix

Osteocyte maintains bone tissue

69
Q

What is a bone without mineral described as?

A

Flexible

70
Q

What is a bone without collagen described as?

A

Brittle

71
Q

What is the primary differentiation pathway for Osteogenic cells?
(3)

A

Osteogenic cells

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes (after the osteoblasts become embedded in the bone matrix)

72
Q

Why is the differentiation of Osteogenic cells important?
(3)

A

It’s essential for bone growth, remodelling and repair

73
Q

What is the macroscopic classification of a bone?
(2)

A

Compact bone

Trabecular/spongy bone

74
Q

What is a compact bone?

A

The outside lining of the bone

75
Q

What does periosteum do?

A

It covers the outer surface of bones

76
Q

What does endosteum do?

A

It covers the inner surface of bones

77
Q

What can bones be classified as?
(5)

A

Long bone

Short bone

Flat bone

Irregular bone

Sesamoid bone

78
Q

What are the long bones?
(2)

A

Humerus

Femur

79
Q

What are the short bones?
(2)

A

Tarsals

Carpals

80
Q

What are the flat bones?
(2)

A

Cranial bones

Sternum

81
Q

What are the irregular bones?
(2)

A

Vertebrae

Sacrum

82
Q

What is the sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

83
Q

What’s the longest and strongest bone of the human skeleton?

A

Femur

84
Q

What are long bones composed of?
(5)

A

Proximal and distal ephiphysis

Proximal and distal metaphysis

Diaphysis

Articulation cartilage

Endosteum and periosteum

85
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

The bottom part of the bone

86
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The middle of the bone

87
Q

Where does ossification start?

A

In diaphysis

88
Q

What is osteogenesis?

A

The process of bone formation

89
Q

What are the 2 types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

90
Q

What happens in intramembranous ossification?
(2)

A

Mesenchymal tissue is directly converted into bone

It’s also the way that flat bones in the skull form

91
Q

What happens in endochondral ossification?

A

Cartilage tissue is formed, and then it’s replaced by bone

92
Q

What is mesenchymal tissue?

A

It’s the tissue that we have when we’re a foetus

93
Q

What’s a neonatal arm?

A

The arm of a baby that’s just been born

Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology (12 decks)

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