Cell Injury And Consequences

Question 1

What does etiology mean?

Answer 1

Causes of disease

Question 2

What does pathogenesis mean?

Answer 2

Mechanisms of disease

Question 3

What are examples of abnormalities in cells and tissues?
(3)

Answer 3

Molecular

Functional

Morphologic

Question 4

What do clinical manifestations mean?

Answer 4

Signs and symptoms of disease

Question 5

What does homeostasis mean?

Answer 5

Maintenance of internal conditions within the body

Question 6

What is the basis of all diseases?

Answer 6

Cell injury

Question 7

What is the cellular response for homeostasis?
(6)

Answer 7

Healthy cell

Injuries stimulus

Reversible injury

Severe, progressive

Irreversible injury

Cell death- either necrosis or apoptosis

Question 8

What are the causes of cell injury?
(8)

Answer 8

Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and ischemia (reduced blood supply)

Toxins (insecticides, carbon monoxide, asbestos, cigarette smoke, etc)

Infectious agents (virus, bacteria, fungi, etc)

Immunological reactions (autoimmune diseases)

Genetic abnormalities (chromosomal abnormalities or mutations)

Nutritional imbalances

Physical agents

Question 10

What is necrosis?

Answer 10

When there’s a sever injury, which leads to cell death

Question 11

What happens in necrosis?
(4)

Answer 11

Cell membranes fall apart

Cell enzymes leak out and digest the cell

The cell increases in size, due to an inflammatory reaction (caused y substances being released from death cells)

The inflammation helps to eliminate the debris and start the repair process

Question 12

What is necrosis always an indicator of?

Answer 12

A pathological process

Question 13

What is apopotosis?

Answer 13

Regulated cell death, where the body restores homeostatic conditions

Question 14

Which organ does apoptosis the most?

Answer 14

The liver

Question 15

What happens in apoptosis?
(5)

Answer 15

It serves to eliminate cells with abnormalities

It mostly occurs in healthy tissues

Reduced cell size

Fragments break off

No inflammatory response

Question 16

What are the cellular adaptations to stress?
(4)

Answer 16

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Atrophy

Metaplasia

Question 17

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 17

The enlargement of cells- increase in the size of the organ

Question 18

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 18

The increase in the number of cells in an organ

Question 19

What is atrophy?

Answer 19

The reduced size in an organ due to a reduction in the size and number of cells

Question 20

What is metaplasia?

Answer 20

When an adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

Question 21

Why does inflammation occur?

Answer 21

As a response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage

Question 22

What does inflammation do?
(3)

Answer 22

It brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites they’re needed, to eliminate the offending agents

It’s a protective response that’s essential for survival

Leukocytes and proteins start the process of elimination

Question 24

What are the 2 types of inflammation?

Answer 24

Acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation

Question 25

How does inflammation work? (6)

Answer 25

Recognition of the offending agents Recruitment of blood cells and proteins to the tissue site Removal of the offending agent Regulation of the reaction Repair of injured tissue Homeostatic conditions return

Question 26

What are examples of external manifestations of inflammation? (4)

Answer 26

Heat Redness Swelling Pain

Question 27

What are causes of inflammation? (3)

Answer 27

Tissue necrosis Foreign bodies Immune reactions

Question 28

What are the 2 ways for tissue repair/healing to occur?

Answer 28

Regeneration Scar formation

Question 29

What is regeneration?

Answer 29

The proliferation (increase in the number) of cells that survive the injury

Question 30

What is scar formation?

Answer 30

The repair occurs by the lawing down of fibrous tissue

Question 31

When does regeneration occur?

Answer 31

When there’s a mild, superficial injury

Question 32

When does scar formation occur?

Answer 32

When there’s a severe injury

Question 33

What is neoplasia?

Answer 33

A cancer (genetic disorder) caused by DNA mutations

Question 34

What 2 things can tumours be?

Answer 34

Malignant Or Benign

Question 35

What are genetic alterations in cancer cells? (H)

Answer 35

Heritable

Question 36

What are examples of haemodynamic disorders? (4)

Answer 36

Hyperaemia Congestion Oedema Lymphatic obstruction

Question 37

What is an example of oedema?

Answer 37

Ascites

Question 38

What is hyperaemia?

Answer 38

An increase of blood volume

Question 39

What is congestion?

Answer 39

An impaired outflow of venous blood (blood in the vein)

Question 40

What is oedema?

Answer 40

The accumulation (build up) of interstitial fluid within tissues

Question 41

What id lymphatic obstruction?

Answer 41

When there’s something that compromises the reabsorption of fluid from interstitial spaces

Question 42

What’s an example of a haemodynamic disorder?

Answer 42

Haemorrhage

Question 43

What happens in a haemorrhage? (3)

Answer 43

Extravasation of blood from vessels (blood flows out of the vessel into the surrounding area) The blood accumulates within a tissue (haematoma) Large bleeds into body cavities are described according to their location- e.g. haemothrax

Question 44

What is a haemotoma?

Answer 44

When blood accumulates within a tissue

Question 45

What is haemotosis?

Answer 45

The mechanism that leads to the cessation (stopping) of bleeding from a blood vessel

Question 47

What does haemostasis include? (2)

Answer 47

Platelets Coagulation factors

Question 48

What does haemostasis lead to?

Answer 48

The formation of a blood clot

Question 49

What are the 3 stages of haemostasis?

Answer 49

Vasoconstriction Formation of a platelet plug Deposition of fibrin and clot stabilisation

Question 50

What are the stages of thrombosis? (6)

Answer 50

Endothelium is a thin membrane that lines the inside of the blood vessels Endothlial injury Platelet activation Thrombus formation Abnormal blood flow, causing endothelial injury or dysfunction Hypercoagulability

Question 52

What is an embolism?

Answer 52

A detached intervascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant site, where it often causes tissue dysfunction or infarction

Question 53

What is infarction?

Answer 53

An area of ischemic necrosis (decreased blood flow) occurs and is caused by the occlusion (blocking) of the vascular supply of the affected tissue

Question 54

What is infarction a type of?

Answer 54

Stroke

Question 55

What is shock?

Answer 55

When there’s inadaquate tissue perfusion (passage of blood), resulting in cellular and organ dysfunction

Question 56

What does shock cause? (3)

Answer 56

Diminished cardiac output Reduced effective circulating blood volume Leads to cellular hypoxia (lack of oxygen)

Question 57

What is hypoxia?

Answer 57

A lack of oxygen

Question 58

Is shock usually reversible o irreversible?

Answer 58

Reverible

Question 59

What are the types of shock? (3)

Answer 59

Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Septic

Question 60

What is cardiogenic shock?

Answer 60

A failure in heart pumping, due to arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism

Question 61

What is hypovolemic shock?

Answer 61

Inadequate blood or plasma volume due to haemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhoea

Question 62

What is septic shock?

Answer 62

Peripheral vasodilation (widening of blood vessels in extremities) and pooling of blood, causing endothelial activation/injury. This leads to leukocyte- induced damage due to infections