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ANHP 205 > The Thorax > Flashcards

The Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thorax?

A

Area between the neck and abdomen

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2
Q

What is the framework of the thorax?

A

Bones, muscles, cartilage

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3
Q

What is the main functions of the thorax?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Protection of vital organs of chest
  3. Pathways
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4
Q

What is the thoracic cage formed by?

A
  1. Sternum and costal cartilages (anterior)
  2. Ribs and inter coastal spaces
  3. Vertebral column (posterior)
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5
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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6
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Body
  3. Xiphoid
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7
Q

What is the manubrium?

A
  1. “Handle”
  2. Superior part
  3. Square shaped
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8
Q

What is the body of the sternum?

A
  1. Long and narrow
  2. Ribs attach to the body lateral
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9
Q

A hinge joint is located where in the sternum and why?

A

It is located between the body and the manubrium and used for breathing

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10
Q

What is the Xiphoid?

A

Smaller inferior tip

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11
Q

What is the suprasternal or jugular notch

A
  1. Central depression
  2. Located on the superior surface of the manubrium
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12
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A
  1. Hinge joint
  2. Palpable ridge approximately 5 cm below the notch
  3. Level of aortic arch
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13
Q

Where is the Xiphoid process located ?

A

Where the right and left costal margins meet

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14
Q

What are the true ribs? And how many are their?

A

True ribs are connected directly with the sternum. There are seven of them

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15
Q

What are the false ribs? How many are there?

A

There are 5 false ribs and they are indirectly connected with the sternum.

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16
Q

What are the two sections of the false ribs?

A
  1. Ribs 8-10 that has costal cartilage which articulate with each rib above
  2. Ribs 11-12 which are floating ribs
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17
Q

The thoracic cavity is subdivided into how many compartments? What are they?

A

Three compartments
1. Two pleural spaces
2. Mediastinum

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18
Q

What is the thoracic inlet?

A
  1. Superior thoracic aperture
  2. Small yet very important
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19
Q

What are the numerous structures that pass through the thoracic inlet?

A
  1. Trachea and esophagus
  2. Arteries and veins
  3. Nerves and lymph
  4. Apex of lungs
20
Q

What is the thoracic outlet?

A
  1. Larger then inlet
  2. Diaphragm forms the partition between the thorax and the abdomen
21
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A
  1. Partition between thoracic and abdominal
  2. Upward arching dome
22
Q

What attaches the diaphragm to the lumbar or spine?

A

Crura

23
Q

Where are the openings in the diaphragm?

A
  1. Aorta at T12
  2. Esophagus at T10
  3. IVC at T8
24
Q

What are the Anterior muscles of the chest?

A

Pectoralis muscles

25
Q

What are the posterior muscles of the chest?

A
  1. Trapezius and latissimus (superficial)
  2. Rhomboid and elevator scapulae (deep to trapezium muscle)
26
Q

What are the intercostal muscles?

A
  1. Located between the ribs
  2. Allow for expansion/ contractions during respiration
27
Q

How many layers of the intercostal muscles are there?

A

Three layers
1. External
2. Internal
3. Innermost

28
Q

What is the apex of the lungs?

A

Domed, superior portion that projects above the inlet

29
Q

What is the base of the lungs?

A
  1. Inferior aspect
  2. Broad
  3. Rest on diaphragm; extends lower in the back and sides than in the front
30
Q

What is the hilum of the lungs?

A

Depression on the mediastinal surface where structures enter and exit.

31
Q

What are the structures of the hilum?

A
  1. Primary bronchi
  2. Pulmonary blood vessels
  3. Lymph nodes
  4. Nerves
32
Q

What is the primary bronchi?

A

Right and left

33
Q

What is the secondary bronchi?

A
  1. Branch from the primary bronchi
  2. One branch per lobe of lung
    Right lung = 3; Left lung = 2
34
Q

What is the tertiary bronchi?

A
  1. Bronchial tree
  2. Alveoli
35
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

Functional unit of the lung; oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

36
Q

What is the pleura?

A

A double membrane sac which encloses the lungs

37
Q

What is the visceral layer of the pleura?

A

Inner layer that adheres directly to the lung surface

38
Q

What is the parietal layer of the pleura?

A
  1. Lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
  2. Adheres to the upper surface of diaphragm
39
Q

What are the pleural cavities?

A
  1. Right and left spaces of the thoracic cavity
  2. Situated lateral to the mediastinum
  3. Fluid or air can collect in these cavities
40
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

Fluid in the cavity

41
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the cavity

42
Q

What is the function of the thymus gland?

A

Immunity

43
Q

What is the location of the thymus gland?

A
  1. Anterior to the great vessels
  2. Posterior to the manubrium
44
Q

What is the size of the thymus gland?

A
  1. Largest during childhood
  2. Atrophies with age and almost disappears
45
Q

What is the thymus gland?

A

Bilobed structure

ANHP 205 (20 decks)

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