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ANHP 205 > The Brain And Spinal Cord > Flashcards

The Brain And Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

The central nervous system encompasses what?

A
  1. The brain
  2. The spinal cord
  3. Cavities (containing cerebrospinal fluid)
  4. Nerves
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2
Q

The brain is enclosed by what?

A

White matter and grey matter

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3
Q

The brain can be divided into three main sections, what are they?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brain stem
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4
Q

What is white matter?

A
  1. Composed of nerve axons, which are covered in myelin
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5
Q

What does axons do?

A

Carry the nerve impulses between neurons

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6
Q

What is Grey matter?

A

Composed of nerve cell bodies which is unmyelinated.

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7
Q

The nerve cell bodies of the grey matter are what?

A

Control centres

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8
Q

The route sensory and motor stimuli of grey matter do?

A

Creates a response

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9
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Largest part of the brain

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10
Q

How do we divide the cerebrum?

A

Into left and right hemispheres

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11
Q

The hemispheres are connected in the midline by what?

A

Corpus callosum

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12
Q

The hemispheres are separated from one another by what?

A

Fall cerebri

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13
Q

Each hemisphere can be divided into what?

A

Another 4 lobes

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14
Q

The cerebrum consists of what materials?

A

Both white and grey matter

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15
Q

Where does the grey matter lie in the cerebrum?

A

The Cortex and basal nuclei

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16
Q

Where does the white matter lie in the cerebrum?

A

Lies deep in the cortex

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17
Q

What are the four cerebral lobes?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Occipital lobe
  4. Temporal lobe
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18
Q

The cerebrum has numerous what?

A

Folds and grooves

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19
Q

What are gyri?

A

Small folds

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20
Q

What are sulci?

A

Shallow grooves

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21
Q

What are fissues of the cerebral?

A

Deep grooves, booth longitudinal and lateral

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22
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  1. Bundle of white matter located in the midline
  2. Connection between R and L cerebral hemispheres
  3. Forms the roof of the lateral ventricles
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23
Q

What are the basal nuclei or ganglia?

A
  1. Distinct regions of grey matter deep (Deep within we have cerebral white matter)
  2. Relay stations for sensory stimuli
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24
Q

Where does the basal nuclei or ganglia lie?

A

Adjacent to lateral ventricles

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25
Q

What is included in the basal nuclei or ganglia?

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Lentiform nucleus (includes the putamen and globes pallidus)
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26
Q

What is the thalamus?

A
  1. Ovoid masses of grey matter
  2. At the base of cerebral hemispheres
  3. Relay station for nerve impulses
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27
Q

Where is the R and L thalami located?

A

On either side of the 3rd ventricle
1. Form the lateral walls of the third ventricle
2. Massa intermedia

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28
Q

What is the massa intermedia?

A
  1. Tissue bridge between right and left thalamus
  2. Passes through the third ventricle in the midline
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29
Q

What is the brain stem?

A
  1. Connects the brain to the spinal cord
  2. Controls vital function such as breathing and heart rate
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30
Q

What are the major parts of the brain stem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla oblongata
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31
Q

What is the midbrain?

A
  1. Superior and smallest portion of the brain stem?
  2. Located superior to the pons
  3. Surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
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32
Q

What are the Pons?

A
  1. Prominent anterior bulge
  2. Between midbrain and medulla oblongata
  3. “Bridge” between cerebrum and cerebellum
  4. Forms Anterior wall of the fourth ventricle
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33
Q

What does the Pons do?

A

Controls involuntary functions
1. Sleep
2. Hearing
3. Balance

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34
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. Inferior portion of brain stem
  2. Extends from pons to foramen magnum
  3. Continuous with the spinal cord
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35
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

Regulates vital functions
1. Heart rate
2. Respiratory rhythm
3. Blood pressure
4. Breathing

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36
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A
  1. Right and left hemispheres
  2. Sits posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata
  3. Forms the posterior wall of fourth ventricle
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37
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Centre for motor functions

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38
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Separates the cerebrum and cerebellum

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39
Q

What is the vermis?

A
  1. Midline structures
  2. Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
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40
Q

What is the cerebella peduncles?

A
  1. Nerve tracts that connect the cerebellum to other parts of the brain stem
  2. Superior, middle, and inferior
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41
Q

What are the ventricles?

A
  1. Fluid filled cavities in the brain
  2. Production and pathway of CSF
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42
Q

What are the parts of the ventricles?

A
  1. Right and left lateral ventricles
  2. 3rd ventricle
  3. 4th ventricle
43
Q

All four ventricles are what?

A

Interconnected by channels

44
Q

What is Cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  1. Clear, colourless fluid
  2. Produced by choroid plexus of ventricles
  3. Acts as protective cushion
  4. Provides buoyancy to support weight of brain
45
Q

Where does CSF drain into?

A

Into the blood via rural sinuses

46
Q

Where does CSF circulates?

A

Subarachnoid space

47
Q

What are the lateral ventricles?

A
  1. Paired
  2. Largest in size
  3. C shaped
  4. Located within each cerebral hemisphere
48
Q

Each one of the lateral ventricles is positioned where?

A
  1. Lateral to the midline
  2. Separated medically by septum pellucidum
  3. Communicates with the third ventricle
49
Q

What are some features of the lateral ventricles?

A
  1. Body
  2. Horns
  3. Trigone or atria
  4. Interventricuar foramen
50
Q

What is the body of the lateral ventricles?

A

Central portion of the lateral ventricle

51
Q

What are the horns of the lateral ventricles?

A
  1. Frontal/ Anterior
  2. Occipital/ Posterior
  3. Temporal/ inferior
52
Q

What are the trigone or Arita of the lateral ventricles?

A

Triangular area of body connected to all horns

53
Q

What is the interventricular foramen of the lateral ventricles?

A

Channeled between each lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle

54
Q

What is the Cavum septum pellucidum?

A
  1. Thin, triangular membrane
  2. Midline, inferior to the corpus callosum
55
Q

What does the cavum septum pellucidum do?

A

Separates medial walls of lateral ventricles

56
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A
  1. Lines areas within each ventricle
  2. Produces supply of CSF
57
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located?

A
  1. On the floor of the lateral ventricles
  2. On the roof of the 3rd ventricle
  3. Posterior wall of the 4th ventricle
58
Q

What is the third ventricle?

A
  1. Midline, slit like cavity
  2. Sits inferior to the lateral ventricles
  3. Lateral walls are formed by the right and left thalami
59
Q

Where does the massa intermedia of the thalamus run?

A

Through the third ventricle

60
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A
  1. Connection between the third and fourth ventricles
  2. The aqueduct extends posterior from the third ventricle
61
Q

What is the fourth ventricle?

A
  1. Located inferior and posterior to the third ventricle
  2. Diamond shaped cavity
  3. Located anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pons
62
Q

How is the fourth ventricle drained?

A

Three channels drain it

63
Q

What is the foramen of magendie?

A
  1. Single, posterior, midline opening
  2. Connects fourth ventricle to the spinal cord
64
Q

What is the foramen of luschka?

A

2 lateral openings

65
Q

All three openings in the fourth ventricles communicate how?

A

Within the subarachnoid space

66
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Three distinct membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

67
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A
  1. Protect the neural cells
  2. Provide support for vessels
  3. Creates venous sinuses in the head
  4. Form partitions in the brain
  5. Allows for circulation of CSF
68
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A
  1. Dura matter (outer)
  2. Arachnoid (middle)
  3. Pia matter (Inner)
69
Q

What is the dura matter?

A
  1. Strong out covering
  2. Double layered membrane
70
Q

What are the two layers of the dura matter?

A
  1. Periostea layer
  2. Meninges layer
71
Q

What is the periostea layer?

A

Adheres to the bone

72
Q

What is the Meningeal layer?

A

Adheres to the brain and spinal cord

73
Q

What lies inferior to the dura matter?

A

Subdural space

74
Q

What are some associated features of the dura mater?

A
  1. Dura partitions
  2. Dura venous sinuses
75
Q

What are three dura mater partitions?

A
  1. Falx cerebri
  2. Falx cerebelli
  3. Tentorium Cerebelli
76
Q

What is the Falx cerebri?

A
  1. Projects inward between cerebral hemispheres
  2. Along longitudinal fissures
77
Q

What is the Falx Cerebelli?

A
  1. Separates cerebellar hemispheres
  2. Inferior and posterior to Falx cerebri
78
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A
  1. Horizontal fold in transverse fissure
  2. Separates cerebrum and cerebellum
79
Q

What are the dura venous sinuses?

A

Dural layers separate along fissure to form sinuses

80
Q

Where are some major dural sinuses?

A
  1. Superior sagittal
  2. Inferior sagittal
  3. Straight
  4. Transverse
  5. Sigmoid
81
Q

What are the jugular veins?

A

Blood from venous sinuses returns to the heart via the internal jugular vein

82
Q

What is the arachnoid layer?

A
  1. Middle layer of the meninges
  2. Cobweb appearance
83
Q

What does the Arachnoid villi or granulations do?

A
  1. Outgrowths of arachnoid mater penetrate the dura
  2. Outgrowths project into the venous sinuses
  3. Allow for reabsorption of fluid into the venous system
84
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A
  1. Important area for the circulation of CSF
  2. Surrounds both the brain and the spinal cord
  3. Receives CSF from ventricles
85
Q

Where does the subarachnoid space lie?

A

Between the arachnoid and pia layers

86
Q

What are Cisterns?

A
  1. Widened ares located within the subarachnoid space
  2. Pools of CSF
  3. Located mainly at the base of the skull
87
Q

What is the cisterna Magna

A
  1. Largest pool
  2. Continuous with the spinal space
88
Q

What is the Pia mater?

A
  1. Delicate connective tissue
  2. Adheres to surface of brain
  3. Membrane sfollow brain contour
  4. Highly vascular
89
Q

What the two main arterial routes from the heart to the brain?

A
  1. Internal carotid arteries
  2. Vertebral arteries
90
Q

What is the internal carotid arteries?

A
  1. Branches of the common carotid arteries
  2. Take a tortourus route within the brain
  3. Connect with the middle cerebral arteries
91
Q

What are the vertebral arteries?

A
  1. Branches off the subclavian arteries
  2. Ascend cranial through the transverse foramina of the vertical spine
  3. Enter the skull through the foramen magnum
  4. Unite to form the basilar artery in the posterior of the brain
92
Q

What is the circle of Willis?

A
  1. Arterial circle of major vessels at the base of the brain
  2. Unites anterior and posterior arteriosclerosis blood supplies
  3. Collateral blood flow between hemispheres
  4. Allows continuous flow to brain in cases of damage in one area
93
Q

What are the parts of the circle of Willis?

A
  1. Posterior cerebral arteries (R and L)
  2. Posterior communicating arteries (R and L)
  3. Middle cerebral arteries (R and L)
  4. Anterior Cerebral Arteries (R and L)
  5. Anterior communicating artery (1)
94
Q

What is the posterior cerebral arteries (R and L)?

A

Branch from basilar artery

95
Q

What is the Posterior communicating arteries (R and L)?

A

Run between the posterior cerebral arteries and middle arteries

96
Q

What is the middle Cerebral Arteries (R and L)?

A

Branch from the internal carotid arteries

97
Q

What is the anterior Cerebral Arteries (R and L)?

A

Bilateral anterior arteries

98
Q

What is the Anterior communicating arteries (1)?

A
  1. Single midline artery
  2. Connects the R and L anterior cerebral arteries
99
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A
  1. Nerve cable
  2. Continuation of the brain medulla
  3. Extends down to the level of L2
  4. Cords tapers distally
100
Q

What is associated with each vertebra?

A

Nerves

101
Q

What are some features of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Conus medullaris
  2. Cauda equine
  3. Film terminals
  4. Denticulate ligaments
102
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A
  1. Distal tapering of cord
  2. Tip should never be below L2
103
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A
  1. Nerve bundles inferior to Conus medullaris
  2. Horses tail appearance
104
Q

What is the film terminale?

A
  1. Slender strand from conus medullaris to coccyx
  2. Anchors cord

ANHP 205 (20 decks)

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