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ANHP 205 > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart?

A
  1. Muscular organ
  2. Main pump of the body
  3. Site of attachment of the great vessels
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2
Q

How does the heart lie?

A
  1. Oblique lie at approximately 45 angle degree towards the left side
  2. Sits slightly left of the sternum
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3
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A
  1. Projects inferior, anterior, and left
  2. Formed entirely by LV
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4
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A
  1. Projects superior and posterior
  2. Pulmonary and aortic vessels sit superiorly
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5
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Rhythmic cycle (chambers alternatively contract and reflex)

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6
Q

What is one complete cardiac cycle?

A

one heart beat. (One systole and diastole)

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7
Q

What are the two types of heart valves?

A
  1. Artrioventrocular valves (2)
  2. Semilunar valves (2)
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8
Q

Each heart valves contains what?

A
  1. A ring or annulus
  2. Leaflets
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9
Q

The AV leaflets also have what?

A

Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae. These structures serve as anchors for the AV leaflets

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10
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A
  1. Inflow valves
  2. Blood flows from the atria into ventricles
  3. Opens during ventricular diastole
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11
Q

What are the two AV valves?

A

Tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid)

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12
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A
  1. Exit ports of the ventricles
  2. Valves between the ventricles and great vessels
  3. Contains three crescent shaped cusps
  4. Open during ventricular systole
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13
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

A

Aortic and pulmonary

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14
Q

What are the three layers of the wall?

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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15
Q

What is the epicardium?

A
  1. Outer layer
  2. Smooth, thin visceral layer
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16
Q

What is the myocardium?

A
  1. Middle layer
  2. Thick, contractile muscle
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17
Q

What is the endocardium?

A
  1. Inner layer
  2. Thin membrane lining the chamber
18
Q

What does the vena Cava do?

A

Return deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart. Specifically into the right atrium

19
Q

What is the superior Vena Cava?

A

Formed by the union of the right and left brahchiocephalic veins

20
Q

What is the Inferior Vena Cava?

A
  1. Formed by the union of the common iliac veins
  2. Carries blood from the abdomen to the right atrium
21
Q

What is the right atrium?

A
  1. Receives the IVC and SVC
  2. AV valve (tricuspid) located at the outlet
  3. Located anterior in the chest cavity
22
Q

What is the Tricuspid valve?

A
  1. Located between the right atrium and right ventricle
  2. Contains three leaflets or cusps
  3. HAs a vertical orientation
23
Q

What is the right ventricle?

A
  1. Receives blood from the right atrium
  2. Has an anterior position in the heart
  3. Ejects blood into the pulmonary artery
  4. Contains chordae tendinae and papillary muscles
24
Q

What is the pulmonary valve?

A
  1. Semilunar valve
  2. Three leaflets
  3. It’s the outflow valve from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
25
Q

The pulmonary valve is positioned anterior to what?

A

Aortic valve

26
Q

What is the pulmonary artery (trunk)?

A
  1. Originates at the right ventricle
  2. Divides into right and left pulmonary arteries
  3. Carries de-oxygenated blood away from the heart into the lungs
27
Q

What do the lungs do?

A

Remove carbon dioxide and add oxygen to the blood

28
Q

What are the pulmonary veins?

A
  1. Four veins in total
  2. Superior and inferior veins from each lung
  3. Carries oxygen rich blood to the left atrium
29
Q

What is the left atrium?

A
  1. Receives oxygenated blood via the four pulmonary veins
  2. Most posterior part of the heart
  3. Interatrial septum divides the atria medially
30
Q

What is the mitral valve?

A
  1. Located between the left atrium and ventricle
  2. It is a bicuspid valve
31
Q

What does the bicuspid valve consist of ?

A
  1. Two unequal leaflets
    - anterior (larger)
    - posterior (smaller)
32
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Receives blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve

33
Q

What does the left ventricle contain?

A

Contains chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

34
Q

What is the Aortic valve?

A
  1. Located between the left ventricle and aorta
  2. Positioned posterior to the pulmonary artery
  3. Is a semilunar valve: contains 3 leaflets
35
Q

What is the thoracic aortas direction?

A

Travels superiorly, curves posterior and then dives inferior towards the diaphragm

36
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic artery
  2. Left carotid artery
  3. Left Subclavian artery
37
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A
  1. Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscles
  2. Allows for continual contraction and relaxation of the heart
38
Q

How does the coronary arteries run?

A
  1. Arise just above the cusps of the aortic valve.
  2. Right and left coronary arteries
39
Q

What is the electrical activity of the heart like?

A
  1. Electrical input initiates heart contraction and relaxation
  2. Impulses start in right atria and travels towards ventricles
40
Q

What is the path of the electrical pulse?

A
  1. Starts contraction in the right atrium at the SA node (Sinoatrial node)
  2. Impulse travels along a nodal pathway
  3. Moves from the SA node to the AV node (atrioventricular AV node)
  4. From the AV node onwards to the AV bundle (bundle of his)
  5. AV bundles branch into right and left bundles along the inter ventricular septum
  6. Impulses continues to the purkinje fibres in ventricular muscles

ANHP 205 (20 decks)

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