Kidney’s And Adrenals Flashcards
What is the purpose of the kidney’s?
Maintain chemical balance via
1. Water
2. Electrolytes
3. Blood pressure regulation
4. pH balance
And excretes liquid waste products
What’s included in the urinary tract anatomy
- Kidney’s
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
Where are the kidney’s located?
Obliquely around the T12- L4 and are retroperitoneal
Which kidney is lower and why?
Left kidney higher because of the liver
Regular length of the kidney is?
9-12
Anatomy wise where is the kidney’s located?
- Lateral to spine, AO and IVC
- Anterolateral to psoas muscles
- Anterior to quadratics lumborum muscle
Where does the upper pole of the kidney lie?
Posterior to the lower pole and medial to the lower pole
What are the renal architecture comprised of?
- Renal parenchyma
- Renal sinus
What is the renal parenchyma?
Outer portion of the kidney between renal capsule and the base of the renal pyramids, this includes outer cortex and inner medulla
What is the cortex of the renal parenchyma?
Sits between renal capsule and medulla which contain the function units (called nefron)
What are the renal columns of the cortex?
Cortex extending between the pyramids AKA columns of Bertin
What are the medullas?
Part of the renal parenchyma which is located between Cortex and renal sinus. They are the pyramids
Where is the base of the base of the medulla?
Pyramid base is orientated towards the cortex
Where is the tip or apex of the medulla?
The pyramid is projects medically towards the sinus
What is the renal sinus?
Central/ medial aspect of the kidney which include
1. Minor calyces
2. Major calyces
3. Renal pelvis
4. Vessels
And are packed with fat.
Can you see the renal sinus on the ultrasound?
Yes it is hyperechoic on the ultrasound
What are the parts of the renal sinus?
- Minor calyx
- Major calyx
- Renal pelvis
- Vessels
What is the minor calyx?
Receive apex of pyramids and consists of approx 8-18
What are the major calyx of the renal sinus?
Receive urine from minor calyces, consist of 2-3
What is the renal pelvis of the renal sinus?
Flared portion of upper ureter and is posterior of the renal vessels
Where are the vessels of the renal sinus located?
Renal vein is anterior to renal artery
What are the coverings of the kidneys
- Renal capsule
- Renal fascia/ gerota’s fascia
- Perirenal fat
- Pararenal fat
What are Normal variants of the kidney?
- Dromedary hump
- Hypertrophied column of Bertin
- Parenchyma junction defect
- Horseshoe kidney
- Ectopic kidney
What is the dromedary hump variant of the kidney?
Localized bulge on the lateral border of the left kidney
What is the hypertrophied column of Bertin variation?
Often indents the renal sinus and occurs in varying degree
What is the variation parenchyma junction defect?
Defect located at the junction of the upper and middle third of the kidney
What is the variation horseshoe kidney variation?
Congenital- fusion of the lower poles to the right and left kidney
What is the horseshoe kidney variation?
Congenital- fusion of the lower poles of the right and left kidneys
What is the ectopic kidney variation?
A kidney located outside of the normal renal fossa
What are the ureters?
Paired muscular tubes that travel Inferiorly, retroperitoneal, and extend from renal hilum to posterior portion of the bladder, decreasing in diameter.
Where is the ureters located?
Located anterior to the internal iliac arteries, and located posterior to the ovaries in the female pelvis
What can pelvic pathology cause?
Obstruction to the ureter
What are the ureters junction?
- Ureteropelvic junction (UP junction)
- Ureterovesicular junction (UV junction)
What is the UP junction?
Junction between renal pelvis and ureter
What is the UV junction?
Junction between lower ureters and bladder, and enter bladder on posterior inferior aspect.
What is the bladder?
Hollow muscular organ, which is the reservoir for urine
Where is the bladder located?
Anterior to uterus, vagina and rectum.
What is the bladder shape?
Varies with distension
What is the structures of the bladder?
- Apex
- Base
- Trigone
What is the Apex of the bladder?
Superior portion covered by peritoneum
What is the base of the Bladder?
Inferior portion of the bladder
What is the trigone of the bladder?
Triangular area at the base
What are the bladder inlets?
Right and left UVJ
What are the outlets of the bladder?
Urethra
What are the adrenal glands?
Bilateral, retroperitoneal, pyramid shaped glands, and are “cap” on the superior pole of the kidneys
Where do the adrenal glads sit?
Sit slightly medial to the kidney and separated from kidneys by perirenal fat and renal capsule
What is the adrenal glands structured of?
- Capsule
- Cortex
- Medulla
Where are the right adrenal glands located?
*1. Posterior and lateral to IVC
2. Posterior and medial to right liver
Where is the left adrenal located?
*1. Posterior to the pancreatic tail
2. Posterior to splenic vessels
3. Posterior to stomach
4. Lateral to aorta
