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Veterinary Anatomy > The Thorax > Flashcards

The Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Why can you use S/C infusion to correct dehydration?

A

Because the skin is loosely attached, it’s suitable for large volume of fluid

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2
Q

Position of the shoulder joint

A

Lies opposite of the ventral end of the 1st rib

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3
Q

What is the site for bone marrow biopsies?

A

The sternum, long bones and iliac crest

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4
Q

What is the common site for surgically entering the thoracic cavity?

A

The left 4th intercostal space

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5
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Capula pleurae injured at the base of the neck and causes lung collapse

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6
Q

Line of pleural reflection

A

The junction between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae
From 8th-9th costochondral junction to last rib

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7
Q

Thoracocentesis of the dog

A

Aspiration of fluid from pleural cavity
7th or 8th intercostal space (costodiaphragmatic recess)

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8
Q

What space is for the cat for thoracocentesis?

A

8th intercostal space

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9
Q

Clinical significance of the lung projection on the lateral thoracic wall?

A

A triangular field for auscultation or percussion

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10
Q

Triangular field of lung projection

A
  1. Cranial: 5th rib
  2. Dorsal: lateral margin of the back muscles
  3. Basal/ caudoventral: costocondral junction of the 6th rib to the 11th rib
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11
Q

Diaphragmatic hernia

A

Common due to trauma of traffic accidents

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12
Q

Chylothorax

A

Due to rupture of the thoracic duct
Extra fluid in the pleural space will affect the ability of a lung to fill with air

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13
Q

_______% of the air flow is attributed to the diaphragm

A

70%

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14
Q

What is normal respiration always accompanied by?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm

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15
Q

What are the 2 parts of the respiratory system?

A

Non-collapsible tubes for air conduction
Lungs for gas exchange

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16
Q

What does the tubes system do?

A

Expels the CO2 upon expiration and collects oxygen upon inspiration

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17
Q

How is the respiratory system divided?

A

Upper respiratory system: cranial to the thoracic inlet
Lower respiratory system: caudal to the thoracic inlet

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18
Q

What are the body parts of the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose
Nasal Cavities
Nasopharynx
Common pharynx
larynx
Trachea

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19
Q

Nasal Cavities

A

Bony folds covered with mucous membranes (conchae) that cause turbulence in the inspired air

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20
Q

Significance of the nasal cavities?

A

So the air will contact its mucous membranes that filter and regulate its hydration and temperature

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21
Q

Panting

A

Mouth breathing
Helps cool the body
Also done when suffering from a disease

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22
Q

How do the nasal cavities connect to the nasopharynx?

A

The internal nares (choanae)

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23
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Acts as the chief organ of phonation and serves as the gateway to the trachea

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24
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

35 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

When does the trachea contract?

A

In response to vagal nerve fibers within the recurrent laryngeal nerves

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26
Q

What is the inner aspect of the tracheal rings lined with?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar and goblet cells

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27
Q

How is the thoracic inlet bounded?

A

Dorsally: first thoracic vertebra
Ventrally: manubrium
Collaterally: the first ribs

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28
Q

What body parts does the lower respiratory system have?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

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29
Q

How is each lung separated from each other?

A

The mediastinum

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30
Q

What are the two branches of the bronchi?

A

Left and right principal bronchi

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31
Q

How does the left principal bronchi divide?

A

Cranial and caudal lobar bronchi

32
Q

How does the right principal bronchus divide?

A

Cranial, middle, caudal and accessory

33
Q

Bronchioles

A

Airways 1 diameter or less
Each ones supplies a lobule of lung
Glandular and non-cartilaginous
Alveoli in walls

34
Q

Aveoli

A

Smallest collective unit of lung tissue

35
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sac
Alveoli

36
Q

What do the left and right pulmonary arteries do?

A

Feed the lungs with unoxygenated blood being sent there for gas exchange

37
Q

What does the pulmonary veins do at the level of the capillary network?

A

Return the oxygen rich blood, draining via large branches into the left atrium

38
Q

Position of lobar pulmonary arteries and veins in relation to the lobar bronchi

A

Cranial or or lateral (arteries)
Ventral and medial (veins)

39
Q

When are the pulmonary arteries and veins individually located, dissected, ligated and severed?

A

During pulmonary lobectomy

40
Q

How is nutrients supplied to the lung?

A

Bronchial arteries from the bronchoesophageal arteries

41
Q

Bronchial lymph center

A

Main lymph node center concerned with bronchi and lungs
Tracheobronchial and pulmonary lymph nodes and associated ducts

42
Q

Lymphatic drainage from the lungs

A

Filters through pulmonary –> tracheobronchial lymph nodes –> thoracic duct or sternal lymph nodes –> right lymphatic duct

43
Q

How is motor innervation to the lung?

A

Autonomic

44
Q

What do the sympatheitc nerves cause?

A

Bronchodilation via B2 receptors

45
Q

What do parasympathetic terminals of the vagus cause?

A

Bronchodilation via muscarinic cholinergic receptors

46
Q

What do sensory fibers of the vagus nerve do?

A

Give stretch receptors in the bronchi and bronchioles to inhibit further inspiration and prevent overstretching of the lung

47
Q

Coelom

A

Large cavity within the trunk
Divided into cranial thoracic, caudal abdominal, and pelvic cavities
Normally empty

48
Q

What is the cranial thoracic cavity of the coelum lined with?

A

Endothroacic fascia

49
Q

What is the caudal abdominal and pelvic cavities of the coelom lined with?

A

Transversalis fascia

50
Q

Pleura

A

Thoracic cavity containing different body organs within the bony thorax
Stretch receptors for regulation of respiration
2 pleural cavities

51
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Serous layer lining the walls of cavities
Costal (ribs), diaphragmatic (diaphragm) and mediastinal (sternum)

52
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Pleura that covers the lungs
Also called pulmonary

53
Q

Pulmonary ligament

A

Formed by connecting pleura
In thoracic surgery, this must be cut to reflect the caudal lobe cranially

54
Q

Where is negative pressure maintained?

A

Within the thoracic cavity outside the lung
As muscles expand the body thorax, this causes the pressure to drop

55
Q

Muscles of inspiration

A

Expanding the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm, external intercostal, scalenus, rectus thoracic, serratus ventralis, serratus dorsalis cranialis

56
Q

What muscles decrease the thoracic capacity?

A

Ex. abdominal oblique
In. abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

57
Q

What muscles decrease the thoracic cavity?

A

Internal intercostal
Rectus abdominis

58
Q

What are the 3 functions of the respiratory system?

A

Ventilation (external)
Gas exchange (external)
Oxygen utilization

59
Q

What are the soft tissues of the thoracic inlet?

A

Trachea
Great vessels
Nerves
Esophagus
Lymph nodes

60
Q

What is contained within the bony thorax?

A

13 thoracic vertebra dorsally
13 pairs of ribs (costal arch)
13th rib (floating rib)
8 sternebrae

61
Q

What are the functions of the bony thorax?

A

Protection
RBC production by sternum and ribs
Expiration

62
Q

Thoracic outlet

A

Last thoracic vertebra
Last ribs (10-13)
Coastal arch and xiphpoid sternum
Diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

63
Q

What are the intercostal arteries?

A

Two sets: dorsal and ventral intercostal arteries (12 on each side)

64
Q

Where does the dorsal intercostal artery come from?

A

Aorta

65
Q

Where does the ventral intercostal artery come from?

A

Internal thoracic artery

66
Q

How do the intercostal veins run?

A

Dorsal to azygous vein
Ventral to the internal thoracic vein

67
Q

How is the CNS connected to the body?

A

By peripheral nerves (sensory and motor)

68
Q

What is a typical spinal nerve composed of?

A

Dorsal root (sensory)- spinal ganglion, afferent fibers
Ventral root (motor)- efferent and autonomous fibers

69
Q

What forms the spinal nerve?

A

Dorsal and ventral root within the vertebral canal

70
Q

What is the function of the coelom?

A

Produce adhesions among organs to move freely relative to one another

71
Q

Pericardium

A

Pericardial cavity
Within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity
Visceral pericardium= epicardium

72
Q

Peritoneum

A

Abdominal cavity

73
Q

Clinical consideration of the pleura

A

Hemothorax
Hydrothorax
Pyothorax
Pneaumothorax
Chylothorax

74
Q

Clinical consideration of the cardiac notch

A

Space between the cr, and medial node of the right lung
Where you inject meds during euthanasia
Cardiac puntcure

75
Q

What is the lung in greek and latin?

A

Pulmo= greek
pneumon = latin

76
Q

Pulmonitis and pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lung

77
Q

Internal gas exchange

A

Exchange of gas between blood and other tissues

Veterinary Anatomy (19 decks)

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