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Veterinary Anatomy > The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the foundation of our conscious personalities and behavior?

A

The nervous system

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2
Q

What are the two systems of the nervous system?

A

Nervous system
Endocrine system

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Send chemical signals (hormones) through blood

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4
Q

What does the two systems do? (Endocrine and nervous)

A

Detect changes in an organ and modify the activity of other organs

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5
Q

How does the nervous system carry out actions

A

Receive info about changes in the body and external environment
Process this info and determine the appropriate response
Issue commands to cells that carry out the response

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6
Q

How does the nervous system perceive and respond to environments?

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

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7
Q

What are the properties of the neurons?

A

Excitability, conductivity, secretion

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8
Q

Excitability

A

Respond to environmental changes (stimuli) at receptors

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9
Q

Conductivity

A

Responds to stimuli by electrical signals (impulses)

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10
Q

Secretion

A

At the end of the synapse or receptor
Neurons will secrete neurotransmitters that cross the gap and stimulates the next neuron

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11
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Respond to stimuli that originate from outside the body affecting skin, mucous membranes, or sense organs by touch, pressure or sound

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12
Q

Interoceptors (visceroceptors)

A

Respond to stimuli originating from within the body
Related to the function of internal organs

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13
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Sensory receptor that receives stimuli from within the body
Especially one that responds to position and movement

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14
Q

Central Nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves that connect the CNS to different organs
1. Cranial nerves: 12 pairs
2. Spinal nerves: 36 pairs

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16
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

Afferent
Takes information to the CNS

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17
Q

Motor nerves

A

Efferent
Takes orders from the CNS to the structures

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18
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Formed by a ventral (motor) and dorsal (sensory)root

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19
Q

Ventral root

A

Cell bodies of motor nerves (pure efferent)

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20
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Cell bodies of sensory nerves (pure afferent)

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21
Q

How is the PNS divided?

A

Somatic and Visceral (autonomic) nervous system

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22
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Structures we have control over
Skin, bone, joints, skeletal muscles
Somatic sensory and somatic motor nerves make up one nerve wrapped around each other

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23
Q

Visceral/ Autonomic Nervous System

A

Regulates motor acts (not essential)
Structures we have no control over (Organs)
Efferent nerves are 2 nerves connecting @ ganglion

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24
Q

How is the Autonomic system divided?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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25
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Acting all the time and doesn’t run everywhere (rest and digest)
Originates from cranio-sacral (brain/ SC segments1-3)
Synapse @ wall of target effector organ

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26
Q

How many cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibers?

A

4/12
Oculomotor (C3)
Facial (C7)
Glossopharyngeal (C9)
Vagus (C10)

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27
Q

Sympathetic

A

Emergency system for quick rigorous actions (fight, fright or flight)
Runs everywhere
Cardiac m., glands, smooth m.
Synapse @ paravertebral or prevertebral ganglion

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28
Q

Sympathetic trunk

A

Extra spinal tract that carries sympathetic nerves

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29
Q

Nuclei (Nucleus)

A

Collection of cell bodies within the CNS

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30
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of cell bodies outside the CNS
Communication taking place between the 1st and 2nd nerve
Where synapse takes place

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31
Q

How do post synaptic autonomic nerves run?

A
  1. Head, abdomen, pelvis: with arteries
  2. Abdominal wall, body cavities, neck and limbs: with spinal nerves
  3. Thorax: runs by itself
32
Q

Paravertebral

A

Ganglion close to the vertebral column
Cervicothoracic, sympathetic trunk, middle cervical and cranial cervical

33
Q

Prevertebral

A

Ganglion away from the vertebral column
Left celiac, cranial mesenteric and caudal mesenteric

34
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic/ synaptic nerves

A

Sitting and waiting for the synapse @ prevertebral or paravertebral gang
NT: ACH

35
Q

Sympathetic post ganglionic/ synaptic nerves

A

Neuronal cell bodies sitting on the autonomic ganglia
Synapse @ target organ/ tissue
NT: norepinephrine

36
Q

Where are all cell bodies of sympathetic nerves located?

A

At the thoracolumbar region

37
Q

Rami comunicants

A

Sympathetic nerves that leave the thoracolumbar region and run with the ventral root to the trunk
Gray- postsynaptic, unmyelinated
White- presynaptic, myelinated

38
Q

Ansa Subclavia

A

All nerves coming out of the thorax come out here
Takes pre and post synpatic nerves

39
Q

Pathway to the head

A
  1. Ventral root
  2. Spinal nerve
  3. White rami communicants
  4. Sympathetic trunk
  5. Bypass the cerival sympathetic trunk and ansa subclavia
  6. Synapse @ cranial cervical ganglion
  7. Post ganglionic fibers run with internal carotid artery
40
Q

What happens after the synapse at the cranial cervical ganglion

A

The sympathetic fibers will join to form the vertebral nerve
Now known as post synaptic nerves/ fibers

41
Q

Pathway to the neck

A
  1. Ventral root
  2. Spinal nerve
  3. White rami communicants
  4. Sympathetic trunk
  5. Synapse @cervicothoracic ganglion
    6.Vertebral Nerve
  6. Gray rami communicants
  7. Spinal nerve
  8. Targets organs (smooth muscles and skin)
42
Q

Pathway to the thorax

A
  1. Ventral root
  2. Spinal nerve
  3. White rami communicants
  4. Sympathetic trunk
  5. Synapse @ middle cervical ganglion or cervicothoracic ganglion
  6. Post syn. path: cardiosympathetic nerves from ansa subcavia
    7.Post syn. nerves run by itself
43
Q

Pathway of the limbs/ body wall

A
  1. Ventral root
  2. Spinal nerve
  3. White rami communicants
  4. Synaptic trunk
  5. Synapse @ sympathetic trunk ganglia
  6. Gray rami communicants
  7. Spinal nerve (ventral or dorsal)
  8. skin and smooth muscles
44
Q

Pathway of the abdomen

A
  1. Ventral root
  2. Spinal nerve
  3. White rami communicants
  4. Sympathetic trunk
  5. Splanchnic n.
  6. Synapse @ celiacomesenteric gang (prevertebral)
  7. Post syn runs with arteries (nerve plexus on abdominal arteries supplying organs)
45
Q

Pathway of the pelvis

A
  1. Ventral root
  2. Spinal nerve
  3. White rami communicants
  4. Sympathetic trunk
  5. Down the lumbar splanchnic nerve
  6. Synapse @ caudal mesenteric gang
  7. Post syn. will run to right or left hypogastric nerve, pelvic plexus branches to pelvic viscera
46
Q

How many sympathetic spinal nerves are there?

A
  1. Cervical spinal nerves: 8
  2. thoracic spinal nerves: 13
47
Q

What is the visceral motor efferent influenced by?

A

Spinal cord
Brain stem
Hypothalamus

48
Q

What portions of the nervous system controls visceral functions of the body?

A

Blood pressure
Cardiac function
GIT
Urinary bladder
Sweating, etc.

49
Q

What does the sympathetic system supply?

A
  1. Glands and smooth muscles of the skin
  2. Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic viscera
  3. Head structures: salivary glands and iris (smooth)
  4. Smooth muscles of blood vessels
  5. Cells of adrenal medulla
50
Q

How does ANS differ from the rest of the PNS?

A

By having a second neuron interposed between the CNS and the innervated structure

51
Q

What will happen if the somatic nerves to the skeletal mm are served?

A

Its nonfunctional in the absence of innervation

52
Q

What does the sympathetic stimulation result in?

A

Increased HR and blood glucose
Decreased bowl motility
Dilation of the iris

53
Q

Parasympathetic long preganglionic fibers

A

Ganglia at target organ
Short postgang fibers
NT: at both synapses is ACH

54
Q

What does the parasympathetic stimulation result in?

A

Maintenance Response:
Decreased HR
Increase secretion of glands of GIT
Constriction of pupil

55
Q

T/F: Distribution of parasym. system is more limited than the sym. system

A

True

56
Q

T/F Parasympathetic fibers supply the skin, sweat glands, pilorector m or cutaneous blood vessels

A

False
Parasym. fibers don’t supply any of those structures

57
Q

What is the exception to what parasym. fibers suppy?

A

Penile arteries

58
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Modified sympathetic ganglion
When stimulated it secreted epinephrine

59
Q

Vagus Nerve (C10)

A

Supplies thoracic and abdominal viscera
Goes from the vagosympathetic trunk to thorax

60
Q

Where does the vagus nerve split

A

At the middle cervical ganglion to split off and run by itself

61
Q

When does the vagus turn into the laryngeal nerves?

A
  1. Left laryngeal nerve leaves around the aortic arch
  2. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve leave around the right subclavian artery
62
Q

Parasympathetic Path

A

Presynpatic path: Vertebral branch of S1 -S3
Synapse @ pelvic ganglia at pelvic plexus

63
Q

Cholinergic fibers

A

Fibers that secrete Ach
Include pregang of symp and para symp and postgang of parasym

64
Q

Adrenergic fibers

A

Fibers the secrete norepinephrine
Include symp post gang

65
Q

Sympathomimetic drugs

A

Drugs that stimulate the symp. system at the neuroeffector junction

66
Q

Parasympathomimetic drugs

A

Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic system at the neuroeffector junction
Have a “muscarinic effect”

67
Q

What do drugs that have a “nicotinic effect” stimulate?

A

The 2nd neurons of both symp. and parasymp systems at the autonomic ganglia

68
Q

What drugs act on alpha and beta receptors?

A

Sympathetic drugs

69
Q

How do effectors with alpha receptors respond?

A

By contraction of smooth muscles “increase BP”

70
Q

How do effectors with beta receptors respond?

A

By relaxation of smooth muscles of blood vessels that supply the heart

71
Q

Pathway to dilator mm of iris

A
  1. Pre gang: neuronal cell bodies located at T1-T13
  2. Rami communicants
  3. Thoracic symp. trunk
  4. Cervial- symp trunk
  5. Cr. cervical gang
  6. Post gang fibers: with internal coratid artery to dialtor iris mm.
72
Q

What happens if the pathway to dialtor mm of iris is interupted?

A

Horner’s syndrome

73
Q

In healthy animals, what does the symp. trunk from the cranial cervical ganglion do?

A

Supply orbital muscle (eyeball protruded) and dilator of pupil
Keep 3rd eyelid retracted
Keep palpebral fissue open

74
Q

How is the dilatation of pupil initiated?

A

Fear, excitement or pain (atropin)

75
Q

What are the signs of Horner’s syndrome?

A

C6-T2 (brachial plexus) avulsion can happen
Leads to loss of symp. innervation of the eye

76
Q

What are the results of Horner’s syndrome?

A

Enopthalmus (sunken globe of the eye)
Profusion of the 3rd eyelid
Miosis (constriction of the pupil)
Ptosis (small droopy eye opening)

77
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

Going into the hamstring
Motor because it has more motor fibers than sensory

Veterinary Anatomy (19 decks)

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