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Veterinary Anatomy > Canine Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Canine Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What is paresis?

A

Weakness
Less severe than paralysis

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2
Q

What are the functions of vertebral column?

A

Supports the body and maintain posture
Helps progression
Protects the spinal cord
Shields neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

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3
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Within the vertebral column
Transfers signals between the body and brain
6 spinal nerves

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4
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Unpaired, irregular bones
Number varies in species

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5
Q

How many vertebrae are in dogs and cats?

A

50+

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6
Q

What are the 5 regions of the vertebrae?

A
  1. Cervical (neck)
  2. Thoracic (back)
  3. Lumbar (loin)
  4. Sacral (croup)
  5. Caudal (tail)
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7
Q

Clinical significance of the cervical vertebrae

A

You can’t palpate the c. vertebrae because it’s located in the middle of the neck

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8
Q

Vertebral Column formula for the dog

A

C7/ T13/ L7/ S3/Cd20-23

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9
Q

Vertebral Column formula for the cat

A

C7/ T13/ L7 /S3/ Cd21-23

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10
Q

What are the two articulations of the typical vertebrae?

A
  1. Bodies: intervertebral disc
  2. Arches: synovial and plane
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11
Q

Clinical significance of the lamina of the typical vertebrae

A

Laminectomy (take out both lamina) or hemilectomy (one side) with herniated disc

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12
Q

What makes up the arch of the typical vertebrae?

A

Pedicle and lamina

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13
Q

What are the bones of the vertebrae?

A
  1. Body
  2. Arch
  3. Vertebral foramen/ canal
  4. Spine
  5. Transverse process
  6. Cranial and caudal articulate surfaces
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14
Q

What is the first cervical vertebrae?

A

Altas

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15
Q

Atlas

A

Palpable
No spine or body
Foveae (modified articular process)
Wings (shelf like transverse processes)

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16
Q

What is the second cervical vertebrae?

A

Axis

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17
Q

On the atlas what is palpable?

A

Wings

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18
Q

What comes out of the lateral vertebral foramen?

A

First cervical spinal nerve

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19
Q

What is the point of articulation of the atlas?

A

Atlantoccipital hinge joint (moves up and down)

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20
Q

Axis

A

Elongated ridge- like spine (P)
Body projects cranially (dens)
Cranial articular surface located in body

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21
Q

What does the dens of the axis form?

A

The atlantoaxial pivot joint (moves side to side)

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22
Q

Of the cervical vertebrae which ones are typical?

A

The remaining 5

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23
Q

What does the 7th vertebral column lack?

A

Transverse foramen and has the highest spine

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24
Q

What are the foramen of the vertebral column?

A

Lateral vertebral foramen (first cervical spinal nerve)
Transverse foramen (vertebral artery and vein)
Intervertebral foreman (spinal nerves and spinal blood)

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25
Q

Vertebral surgical approach for slip disk

A

Ventral (easiest): skin —> sternocephal. —> sternothyoidius —> trachea —> esophagus—> Longus coli
Lateral (second easiest)
Dorsal (hardest)

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26
Q

Why is the dorsal the hardest vertebral surgical approach?

A

The esophagus sits dorsal to the trachea and it turns left when approaching the thorax

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27
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

13
Articulates with (13) ribs
Cr. and cd. Costa foveae/ rib head
Transverse fovea/ rib tubercle

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28
Q

What is the 11th thoracic vertebrae classified as?

A

Anticlinal, shortest and straight

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29
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Longer, uniform bodies
Long transverse process
Absence of costal facets
Short cranially pointing spine

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30
Q

Sacrum

A

3 vertebrae fused at the spine (P)
4 foramina
1st (cranial foramen) and 2nd (ventral) sacral spinal nerves

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31
Q

Foramen of the sacral

A

Two pair of dorsal sacral
Two pair of ventral sacral

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32
Q

What joint does the sacrum form?

A

The articular surface with the ilium forms the sacroiliac joint

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33
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

Synovial/ fibrous joint
Shock absorber
Adds firmness

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34
Q

Caudal Vertebrae

A

Varies within species
Average number is 20
They loose distinctive features as proceeds caudally

35
Q

What are the two main types of the vertebral column?

A

Cartilaginous and synovial

36
Q

What joints are apart of the cartilaginous vertebral column joints?

A

Intervertebral discs

37
Q

What joints are synovial of the vertebral column?

A

Articular process (plane)
Atlanto-occipital (hinge/ ginglymus)
Atlanto-axial (pivot)

38
Q

Intervertebral disks

A

A disc between all vertebrae in the neck, back and tail (except between the first 2 cervical vertebrae)

39
Q

What are the two components of each intervertebral disks?

A
  1. Outer thick portion, fibro-collagenous tissues (annulus fibrosus)
  2. Gel-like mix and cartilage tissue center (nucleus pulposus)
40
Q

Clinical significance of the intervertebral disks? (IVDD)

A

Nucleus pulposus degeneration –> a crack in the annulus fibrosis —> nuclear content will shift upward (herniate) –> pinches spinal cord or root

41
Q

Ligaments of the vertebral column

A

Nuchal ligament
Yellow ligament
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament

42
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

Absent in the cat
Extends from spine of axis to T2

43
Q

Yellow Ligament

A

Interaracuate/ flava
Between the arches of the vertebrae

44
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

Fills gap in the between the spine

45
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

Caudal continuation of nuchal ligament at the dorsal aspect of spinous processes
Extends from T2 to sacrum

46
Q

Ventral Longitudinal Ligament

A

Extends from the 8th thoracic vertebra to the sternum

47
Q

Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament

A

Extends from the axis to the sacrum
Well developed in the cervical region (thick)

48
Q

Intercapital Ligament

A

Between rib head T2-T10
Adds extra support to annulus fibrosus so you won’t see a herniated disc

49
Q

Spinal Tap (clinical consideration)

A

Taking spinal fluid from these spaces:
1. Atlanto- occipital space
2. Atlnato- axial space
3. Lumbo- sacral space

50
Q

What are the main medical conditions of the vertebral column?

A

Intervertebral disk disease (IVDD)
Wobblers Syndrome
Lumbosacral Stenosis

51
Q

Intervertebral Disc Disease

A

Compression of spinal cord, blood vessels and or nerve roots

52
Q

What are other names for IVDD?

A

Disc rupture, heriation, slipped disc (genetic mutation)

53
Q

What breeds are affected by IVDD?

A

Chondrodystrophoid breeds (faulty development of the cartilage)
Dachshunds, beagle, basset hound, poodles

54
Q

What causes IVDD?

A

age, genetics, vigorous activity, or trauma

55
Q

Where does the IVDD occur?

A

85% of conditions in the thoracolumbar
15% in neck area

56
Q

Wobblers

A

Degenerative disorder
Vertebral malformation –> narrowing of vertebral canal –> spinal cord/ nerve root compression (cervical)

57
Q

What breeds does Wobblers affect?

A

Great Danes and Doberman pincher

58
Q

What does wobblers affect?

A

Ataxia in rear limbs (affect coordination/ balance)
Flexed neck

59
Q

Lumbosacral Stenosis

A

Arthritic changes between L7 - sacrum
Narrows the vertebral canal
Nerve root compression

60
Q

What is another name for Lumbosacral stenosis?

A

Cuada Equina Syndrome

61
Q

What are the symptoms of Lumbosacral stenosis?

A

Severe pain (back and tail)
Difficulty rising
Urination incontinence
Muscular paresis/ paralysis
(lumbar sacral)

62
Q

What are the medical treatment options for Lumbosacral stenosis?

A

In low grade pain and minor neurological deficits use anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, rest

63
Q

What are the surgical treatment option for Lumbosacral stenosis?

A

For persistent and severe pain, difficulty standing and walking, remove disc material to relieve pressure

64
Q

What are the decompressive surgeries?

A

Fenestration
Ventral Slot
Hemilaminectomy
Dorsal laminectomy

65
Q

Fenestration surgery

A

Cervical region
Disk space is opened and the nucleus pulposus is removed without entering the spinal canal

66
Q

Ventral Slot

A

Opens the vertebral column
The spinal cord is approached ventrally through the bone, done only with cervical disk cases

67
Q

Hemilaminectomy

A

Accessing the vertebral column
Spinal cord is approached from the right or left side
Performed with throacolumbar disk

68
Q

Dorsal laminectomy

A

Doesn’t happen often
Spinal cord is approached dorsally
Performed in some cases of cervical thoracolumbar and lumbar disk cases

69
Q

What does a typical rib (costae) have?

A

Typical rib: head, tuberculum and body

70
Q

Where does the head of the rib articulate?

A

With costal foveae of 2 successive vertebrae

71
Q

Where does the tubercle of the rib articulate?

A

With the transverse costal foveae

72
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

13 pairs

73
Q

What ribs articulate with the sternum?

A

the first 9 ribs

74
Q

What ribs form the costal arch?

A

10th, 11th and 12th

75
Q

Which rib is the floating rib?

A

The 13th

76
Q

Sternum

A

8 unpaired segments (sternabrae)
Intersternebral cartilages

77
Q

What is the first sterabra?

A

manubrium

78
Q

What is the last sternabra?

A

Xiphoid

79
Q

What are the joints of the thorax?

A
  1. costo-vertebral (ball and socket)- head of rib to vertebral demifacets
  2. costo-transverse (plane)- tuberle of rib to transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
  3. costo-sternal (synovial hinge)- sternum segments
  4. intersternal (cartilagenous)
80
Q

Epaxial Muscles

A

Located dorsal tot he trunk above the transverse process of vertebrae
A: extend vertebral column

81
Q

What are the 3 regions of the epaxial muscles?

A
  1. Iliocostalis (lumborum and thoracis)
  2. Longissimus (lumborum, thoracis and capitis and cervicis)
  3. Transversopinalis (splenius and semispinalis muscles)
82
Q

Hypaxial muscles

A

Located ventral to the trunk, below the transverse process of the vertebrae
Two types: neck and thoracic wall
A: Flex the vertebral column

83
Q

Neck muscles of hypaxial

A

Longus capitis
Longus coli
Sternocephal.
Sternothyroideus
Sternohyoideus

84
Q

Thoracic Wall

A

Scalenus
Serratus ventralis
Serratus dorsalis (cranialis and caudalis)
Enternal intercostal
Internal inercostal
Rectus thoracis

Veterinary Anatomy (19 decks)

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