Canine Osteology- Thoracic Limb

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Study of form, structure and disposition of tissues and organs that form the body.

Question 2

What is the function of the skeleton?

Answer 2

Support (posture/gait)
Locomotion (lever)
Protection
Mineral Homeostasis (ca++)
Hemopoiesis

Question 3

How are bones classified?

Answer 3

Topography/location
Development
Shape

Question 4

Axial (topography)

Answer 4

Head, vertebral column, sternum, ribs and hyoid apparatus
(on the body)

Question 5

Appendicular

Answer 5

Limb bones

Question 6

Splanchnic bones

Answer 6

Bones that develop as soft tissues
Os penis (dog) and Ossa cordis (cattle)

Question 7

Endochondral development

Answer 7

Bones that start as cartilage and replaced later by bone
(limbs/ vertebrae)

Question 8

Intramembranous Development

Answer 8

Bones that differentiated directly into fibrous CT (skull/ face)

Question 9

Long bones

Answer 9

Cylindrical with 3 centers of Ossification (growth plate)
1 Diaphysis (shaft)
2 Epiphysis (one for each extremity)
Metaphysis
Humerus, femur

Question 10

Short Bones

Answer 10

Carpal, tarsal

Question 11

Flat bones

Answer 11

Scapula, skull

Question 12

Irregular bones

Answer 12

Vertebrae

Question 13

Sesamoid bones

Answer 13

Ossification of cartilage in tendons for extra strength at stress points.
Move tendon away from axis.

Question 14

Metaphysis

Answer 14

The portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Contain the growth places (no active growth plates at a certain age)
CS: Metaphysial fractures

Question 15

Thoracic Limb (forelimb)

Answer 15

1. Pectoral Girdle (shoulder): scapula and clavicle
2. Brachium: Humerus
3. Antebrachium: radius and ulna
4. Forepaw (manus): carpus, metacarpus, phalanges–> proximal, middle distal (order of the digit)

Question 16

Conditions affecting the forelimb

Answer 16

Fractures
Tumors (osteosarcoma)
Panosteitis
DJD
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy

Question 17

Osteosarcoma

Answer 17

Most common malignant tumor in dogs all ages and all breeds
Starts deep within the bone and grow outward
Lameness
Pathologic fractures (doing regular activities, then the bone breaks)

Question 18

Panosteitis

Answer 18

Inflammatory disease affecting young dogs of large breeds
Endosteal and periosteal new bone formation (legs)
Self limiting disease (heal with or without treatment)

Question 19

Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)

Answer 19

Affects young, rapidly growing large breeds
Produces severe lameness and pain, affects multiple limbs

Question 20

What are other names for HOD?

Answer 20

Skeletal scurvy, Moller-Barlow’s disease, Osteodystrophy II

Question 21

Shoulder clinical consideration

Answer 21

Osteosarcoma
But unusual because it’s a well protected muscle

Question 22

Why are fractures at the distal end of the humerus concerning?

Answer 22

Because radial, medial and muscultaneous nerves could be damaged
Even if not damaged, vet could affect nerves coming in laterally to fix it

Question 23

Humerus clinical consideration

Answer 23

Fractures: condylar and diaphysis
Osteosarcoma

Question 24

Forearm clinical significance

Answer 24

Fractures
Osteosarcoma
Panosteitis
HOD

Question 25

Clinical consideration of the clavicle

Answer 25

It’s small and barely developed
In cats it’s longer
No function
Shown on the radiograph and could be mistaken as a chip fracture

Question 26

How do you locate the shoulder?

Answer 26

You would use the greater tubercle and the acromiom to palpate the shoulder

Question 27

What is the difference between the cat and dog acromiom?

Answer 27

The cat has two part to its acromiom: the hamate and the suprahamate

Question 28

The ______ articulates with ______ to form the shoulder joint

Answer 28

1. scapula
2. humerus

Question 29

The ______ and ____ articulates with ______ to form the elbow joint

Answer 29

1. radius
2. ulna
3. humerus

Question 30

What is the difference between the foramens at the bottom of the humerus for the dog and the cat

Answer 30

Cat: supracondyloid foramen- slit
Dog: supratrochlear foramen- spherical

Question 31

What is the clinical consideration of the supracondyloid foramen

Answer 31

The median nerve and brachial artery runs through them

Question 32

Proximally, the ulna is always ________ to the radius

Answer 32

caudal medial

Question 33

Distally, the ulna is always ______ to the radius

Answer 33

lateral

Question 34

Clinical Significance of the Olecranon Tuber

Answer 34

Point of the elbow
Located at the 5 intraocular, the heart is located between the 3rd and 5th rib, so when you locate the OT you can find the heart and do heart and lung auscultations

Question 35

What view can the accessory bone of the manus be seen in?

Answer 35

Palmar view