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A&P > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the skeletal system

A

bones
articulations
associated c.t. (tendons and ligaments)

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2
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

support
protection
movement
blood cell production
mineral storage
energy storage

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3
Q

Bone is considered a subtype of which of the 4 basic types of tissue?

A

connective tissue

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4
Q

What characteristic of c.t. differentiates if from other tissues?

A

tends to consist of relatively few cells and a great deal of material between the cells – extracellular matrix

bone is no exception

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5
Q

4 types of bone cells

A
  1. osteoprogenitor
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. osteoclasts
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6
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

stem cells that are found in embryonic c.t. (mesenchyme)

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7
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells, derived from osteogenic cells

they secrete components of matrix and initiate the process of ossification

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8
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

develop as osteoblasts become encased in mineralized matrix

maintain bone tissue and have roles in actions such as minerals balance and nutrient exchange in mature bone

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9
Q

osteoclasts

A

huge cells formed by the fusion of many white blood cells known as monocytes

they release powerful enzymes and acids that digest the matrix of bone

important to maintain calcium balance and reshape bones

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10
Q

What forms the bulk of bone mass?

A

extracellular matrix, as bones are widely separated from each other

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11
Q

Extracellular matrix of consists approximately:

A

50% mineral salts
25% water
25% collagen fibers

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12
Q

prominent mineral in bone matrix

A

calcium; mostly combined with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate

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13
Q

what do proteins do within bones

A

proteins – collagen fibers— provide a framework for mineralization of bone and provide strength and flexibility

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14
Q

ground substance

A

fills spaces between minerals and collagen fibers and consists of mostly water and proteoglycans (proteins and polysaccharides)

this creates the FLUID ENVIRONMENT within the bone

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15
Q

types of bone

A

compact - makes up about 80% of bone mass

spongy - makes up about 20% of bone mass

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16
Q

Compact bone

A

has relatively few spaces - a dense arrangement of bone cells and matrix

very solid and strong

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17
Q

the outer layer of any bone is…

A

arranged in a compact bone fashion

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18
Q

Haversian system

A

a cylindrical unit of bone consisting of a central Haversian canal surrounded by concentric layers of lamella

19
Q

Spongy bone

A

also known and cancellous bone or trabecular bone and contains far larger spaces than compact bone

very strong and supportive

lighter than compact bone

20
Q

Trabeculae

A

fingerlike projections of the bone

give the spongy bone it’s spongy appearance

great spaces between trabeculae

21
Q

spongy bone makes up

A

the inner layer of any bone, deep to compact bone

22
Q

Types of bones based on shape

A

long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid

23
Q

long bones

A

longer than they are wide and make up many bones of the extremities

24
Q

short bones

A

tend to be somewhat cube-shaped

many of the carpal and tarsal bones are short bones

25
Q

flat bones

A

relatively thin and provide protection and serve as large areas for muscle attachments

include cranial bones, the sternum, ribs, and in some classifications the scapula

26
Q

irregular bones

A

do not neatly fit into one of the previous categories

vertebrae, coral bones, most facial bones, and in some classifications the scapula

27
Q

sesamoid bones

A

develop within tendons and protect them from excessive wear and tear and may provide mechanical advantage to the direction pull of tendons

number varies, especially around the hands and feet, but would def. include the patellae

28
Q

Parts of bones

A

diaphysis
medullary cavity
epiphysis
metaphysis
articular cartilage
periosteum
endosteum

29
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft of the long bone

30
Q

medullary cavity

A

a long space in the diaphysis and one spot where bone marrow is found

31
Q

epiphysis

A

refers to the ends of long bone

32
Q

articular cartilage

A

a layer of hyaline cartilage on the end of bones at moveable joints

not limited to long bones,

this cartilage reduces friction and adds some shock absorption

33
Q

periosteum

A

a fibrous “sheath” around the outside of bones, except over articular cartilage

roles in bone growth/repair, acts as a pathway for blood vessels and nerves and serves as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments

34
Q

endosteum

A

lines the medullary cavity and has roles in bone growth and repair

35
Q

Red bone marrow

A

site of BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION (hemopoiesis).

in adults, tends to be limited to the SPONGY LAYER OF MANY FLAT BONES such as the ILIUM, sternum, and ribs

36
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

consist mostly of adipose tissue and serves as site of energy storage

replaces red marrow in many adult bones, such as the medullary cavity of long bones

37
Q

blood supply in bones

A

bone has a very RICH BLOOD SUPPLY, as it is a very living tissue

often HEALS much better than structures without a good blood supply, like cartilage

38
Q

bones and nerve supply

A

bones have GOOD NERVE SUPPLY, which means that sensations such as pain may be quite pronounced if bone is damaged

39
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone forms within the cartilage model (cartilage ossifies into bone)

40
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

bone forms directly from embryonic c.t (mesenchyme) to form sheet-like layers of bone WITHOUT A CARTILAGE MODEL involved

41
Q

bone growth in length

A

to avoid having to add bone directly to ends of bone at moving joints, a primary site of bone growth in length is at the EPIPHYSEAL PLATES (growth plate) via ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

eventually the epiphyseal plate ossifies and BONE GROWTH IN LENGTH STOPS

42
Q

bone growth in width

A

occurs via INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION, with no cartilage model that ossifies

new bone is ADDED TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE BONES, BY OSTEOBLASTS, under the periosteum (like adding a new growth ring to a tree)

spaces are HALLOWED OUT by OSTEOCLASTS

NO DEFINITE END POINT for this process

bone does not continue to get wider, but the capability does remain

43
Q

Bone remodeling

A

the process of bones continually to grow and be reshaped, based upon many factors including the stresses that we put on them

44
Q

What factors influence bone growth?

A

genetic
age
gender
diet - minerals such as calcium, fluoride, magnesium. Vitamins such as A, C, D, K and B12
injuries/disease
hormones
physical stress

A&P (32 decks)

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