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A&P > Sensation and General Senses > Flashcards

Sensation and General Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

our conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

the conscious interpretation of sensations

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3
Q

the process of sensation involves:

A

stimulation of sensory receptor

transduction

generation of nerve impulse

translation

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4
Q

TRANSDUCTION

A

conversion of stimulus into a graded potential

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5
Q

TRANSLATION

A

translates nerve impulse into a sensation

occurs in the brain

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6
Q

Characteristics of sensation

A

modality

projection

adaptation

afterimages

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7
Q

MODALITY

A

refers to the fact that each sensation is “felt” differently than others, even though sensory impulses all seem very similar

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8
Q

PROJECTION

A

Though all sensations occur in the brain, it seems like we “feel” with receptors

the brain PROJECTS a sensation back to the point of stimulation

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9
Q

ADAPTATION

A

occurs when the stimulus persists and the sensation diminishes or even disappears (such as with smell in a room)

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10
Q

AFTERIMAGES

A

when a sensation persists after the stimulus is removed

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11
Q

GENERAL SENSES

A

include somatic and visceral senses

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12
Q

SPECIAL SENSES

A

vision
hearing
equilibrium
smell
taste

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13
Q

SOMATIC SENSATIONS include

A

include:
tactile
thermal
propioception
pain

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14
Q

sensory RECEPTORS for SOMATIC sensations are located:

A

skin or subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

mucous membranes of the mouth, vagina, and anus

muscles, tendons, joints

the inner ear

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15
Q

RECEPTOR DENSITY

A

areas of greater receptor density such as finger tips, lips or the tongue tend to be more sensitive than areas with fewer receptors

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16
Q

the primary area of the brain for the translation of somatic sensations

A

the POSTCENTRAL GYRUS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

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17
Q

SENSORY HOMUNCULUS

A

a representation of how much of the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex is devoted to somatic sensations from different parts of the body

more receptors = more of area of the gyrus devoted to their sensations

18
Q

MOTOR HOMUNCULUS

A

represents the amount of the pre central gyrus is devoted to fine motor control over different body parts

finer motor control = more gyrus devoted to them

19
Q

TACTILE SENSATIONS

A

touch
pressure
vibration
itch
tickle

touch can be divided into light/fine touch and crude touch

20
Q

RECEPTORS for tactile sensations are in the

A

SKIN OR SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER

21
Q

TOUCH RECEPTORS are generally found in the

A

SKIN OR SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER

22
Q

Fine touch receptors include:

A

Merkle’s discs

Meissner’s corposcles

Hair root plexi

23
Q

Crude touch receptors include:

A

Ruffini’s endings

24
Q

Deep Pressure receptors include:

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

25
Q

Pain receptors include:

A

Certain free nerve endings

26
Q

Temperature receptors include

A

Certain free nerve endings

27
Q

MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLES

A

encapsulated dendrites

located in the upper dermis of hairless skin such as the:

fingertips
eyelids
tips of the tongue
lips
nipples
soles of feet
clitoris
tip of penis

28
Q

HAIR ROOT PLEXUS

A

free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles

29
Q

MERKEL’S DISCS

A

flattened free nerve endings associated with Merkel cells

30
Q

RUFFINI’S CORPSUCLES/ENDINGS

A

encapsulated receptors located deep in the dermis, ligaments and tendons

31
Q

PACINIAN CORPUSCLES

A

large, oval connective tissue capsules around a dendrite of a sensory neuron

32
Q

sensation of VIBRATION

A

results from rapid, repetitive stimuli of certain tactile receptors

33
Q

sensation of ITCH

A

results from the stimulation of free nerve endings, usually by certain chemicals such as bradykinin which is released during a localized inflammatory response

34
Q

sensation of TICKLE

A

involve free nerve endings

only occurs when applied by someone else

35
Q

proprioceptors are a type of

A

SPECIALIZED MECHANORECEPTOR

36
Q

proprioceptors are in:

A

MUSCLES

TENDONS

JOINTS

INNER EAR

37
Q

MUSCLE SPINDLES

A

are proprioceptors that monitor the LENGTH AND SPEED OF CONTRACTION of muscles

38
Q

GOLGI TENDON ORGANS (GTO’S)

A

are proprioceptors located in tendons of muscles near their junction with muscle fibers

monitor the amount of TENSION IN TENDONS and involved in tendon reflexes

39
Q

FAST PAIN PATHWAY

A

uses medium diameter myelinated (type A) fibers

used by nociceptors responding to mechanical or thermal damage

translated into a SHARP, LOCALIZED TYPE OF PAIN

40
Q

SLOW PAIN PATHWAY

A

uses small diameter, unmyelinated (type c) fibers

used by nociceptors responding to chemical stimuli from damaged cells

described as a DULL, ACHING DEEPER TYPE OF PAIN

41
Q

GATE MECHANISM

A

a stimulus such as pressure or cold is applied to or near the area of damage

if the alternate stimulus uses a faster afferent pathway to the brain from the damaged are, we may “feel” the alternative sensation as it closes the gate to the pain message

42
Q

CENTRAL INHIBITION

A

the brain releases chemicals that block the release of neurotransmitters used by pain pathways

this interruption of the pain message may allow the body to focus on fight or flight responses during threatening situations

A&P (32 decks)

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