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A&P > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology

A

the study of cells

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2
Q

Cells

A

the structural and functional units of all living things

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3
Q

generalized cell

A

diagram of cells that we often see - no cell appear just like it but it’s a useful way to look at the cell components

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4
Q

Plasma membrane

A

the outer shell of a cell

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5
Q

two key functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. separates the cell from its environment
  2. allows selective passage of materials in or out of the cell
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6
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

-phospholipid bi-layer with proteins embedded in it

  • some proteins act as channels or gates through which substances can move in or out of the cell

-other proteins act as “receptors” that bind to specific molecules such as hormones or serve as “markers” to identify the cell as “self”

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7
Q

membrane transport may be either

A

active or passive

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8
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy

moves substances against their concentration gradient - from areas of lesser to greater concentration

Example: sodium potassium pump

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9
Q

passive transport

A

involves no energy expenditure

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

when a substance moves from greater concentration to lesser concentration

a passive process and may occur directly through the plasma membrane or through protein channels

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water - water moves from areas of greater concentration to lesser

passive mechanism that moves water in or out of cells, from one part of our body to another

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12
Q

Vesicles

A

small sacs formed by pinching off a piece of an existing membrane, enclosing some substances within the sac

some are used to store substances, some may be involved in transport across membranes

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13
Q

Vesicular transport

A

moves things in or out of cells by using vesicles

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14
Q

endocytosis (type of vesicular transport)

A

vesicles are formed to “envelop” some extracellular substance to bring it into the cell

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15
Q

exocytosis (type of vesicular transport)

A

vesicles inside the cell “fuse” with the existing plasma membrane of the cell and releases substances to the extracellular fluid

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

refers to all of the substances inside of the plasma, with the exception of the nucleus

consists of two major parts - cytosol and organelles

17
Q

cytosol

A

the fluid portion of the cell

usually makes up 55% of the volume of a typical cell

primarily water with various dissolved substances like glucose, amino acids, ATP, and wastes

18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a network of protein filaments that extends through the cytosol

consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

19
Q

role of cytoskeleton

A

provides support, shape, and factors into movement of cells

20
Q

Nucleus

A

often spherical or oval-shaped
often the largest structure in the cell

most cells have a nucleus - RBC’s do NOT

Skeletal muscles have multiple

has nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm of the cell

21
Q

Nucleoli

A

within the nucleus

role is producing ribosomes

consists of protein, DNA, and RNA.

Genetic material

contains blueprint for cellular activity

22
Q

major components of cytoplasm

A

cytosol and organelles

23
Q

organelles include

A

mitochondria
lysosomes
centrosomes
cilia and flagella
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex

24
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelle that produce ATP, used to supply energy for cellular activity

cells that are very active (such as muscle cells) tend to have numerous mitochondria

25
Q

Lysosomes

A

vesicles filled with powerful digestive enzymes

these enzymes may break down worn-out cell structures, entire cells, or extracellular structures

Peroxisomes and proteasome are similar to lysosomes but use different types of enzymes

26
Q

Centrosome

A

located near the nucleus and contains a pair of structures known as centrioles

these organelles (centrosomes and centrioles) have important roles in cell division

27
Q

Cilia

A

numerous, short hair-like projections on the surface of some cells

tend to “wave” together to move fluid along the surface of a cell

many cells of the respiratory tract have cilia to move mucus and inhaled particulate matter away from the lungs

28
Q

Flagella

A

single projections similar to cilia but much longer

they move the ENTIRE CELL, such as a sperm cell

29
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

the subunits of ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleoli within the nucleus.

these subunits are then assembled in the cytoplasm

some ribosomes are “free” (unattached to other structures), some are found within mitochondria, and some are attached to other structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of membranes that extent from the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm

31
Q

two types of ER

A
  1. rough - has ribosomes attached to the outer surface and serves as a site to process and sort proteins synthesized in the ribosomes
  2. smooth - does not have ribosomes and synthesizes other non-protein substances such as lipids
32
Q

Golgi complex

A

consists of numerous flattened membranous sacs

sorts and packages substances such as proteins, often into vesicles

33
Q

protein synthesis

A

two key processes
1. transcription
2. translation

34
Q

Transcription

A

where info stored in the DNA within the nucleus is copied (transcribed) to produce a specific molecule of RNA

35
Q

3 types of RNA created by transcription

A
  1. Messenger RNA - directs synthesis of a protein
  2. Ribosomal RNA - joins with other proteins to make ribosomes
  3. Transfer RNA - holds amino acids in place as they pieced together into a protein
36
Q

Translation

A

where the transcribed molecule of RNA attaches to a ribosome and the information contained is converted (translated) into a sequence of amino acids to form new protein

37
Q

Cell division

A

most cells reproduce themselves by way of cell division

38
Q

Mitosis

A

the process by which all cells except gametes (sex cells) reproduce

one cell divides to produce two identical cells, each with a full compliment of genetic material

39
Q

Meiosis

A

gametes (sperm and egg cells) undergo a different type of cell division called meiosis, where the genetic material of a cell is halved

A&P (32 decks)

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