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A&P > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

the study of tissues

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2
Q

tissues consist of

A

groups of similarly specialized cells and the non-living material between the cells

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3
Q

4 basic types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial tissues
  2. connective tissue
  3. muscle tissue
  4. nervous tissue
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4
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers the body’s surface, lines internal cavities and forms glands

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5
Q

apical surface

A

the free surface of epithelial tissue that is not covered by another tissue

this surface faces the exterior of the body or the inside (lumen) of a hallow organ or tube

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6
Q

Basal surface

A

opposite of the apical surface of epithelial tissue

deeper inside the body and usually attaches to a basement membrane

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7
Q

epithelial tissue characteristics

A

has its own nerve supply
lacks blood supply

receives nutrients and removes wastes by way of diffusion with the blood of adjacent connective tissues

many epithelial cells undergo constant cell division to replace cells subjected to stresses placed upon the apical surface (Skin cells, lining of the stomach…)

consists mostly of cells – little material between cells

cells are arranged in single or multiple layers and come in various shapes

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8
Q

Classifications of epithelial tissue

A

By Layer:
1. simple (single layer)
2. stratified (2 or more layers)

By cell shape:
1. squamous (flattened)
2. Cuboidal (cube-shaped)
3. columnar (taller than wide, like columns)

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9
Q

by combining the number of layers and the shapes of epithelial cells you can identify 8 different types of epithelial tissues, what are they?

A

Simple squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Pseuodstratified Columnar

Stratified Squamous
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Transitional Eppthelium

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10
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

a single layer of flattened cells

well suited forEXCHANGE of substances.

not resistant to wear and tear

Found lining blood and lymphatic vessels, the chambers of the heart, air sacs of the lungs, and portions of the kidneys

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11
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

single layer of cube-shaped epithelial cells

well suited for SECRETION AND ABSORPTION

forms parts of cells in the kidneys, the surface of the ovary, secreting portion, and some ducts of many glands

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12
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium (non-ciliated)

A

single layer of column-like cells without cilia

designed for SECRETION AND ABSORPTION

Lines much of the digestive tract, the ducts of many glands, and the gallbaldder

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13
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium (ciliated)

A

a single layer of columnar cells with cilia projecting to the apical surface

Cilia “wave” and MOVE SUBSTANCES ACROSS the surface of the tissue

such as moving mucus in the respiratory tract or moving eggs in the fallopian tubes

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14
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

a single layer of cells that have nuclei at different levels, giving the appearance of several layers

the NON-CILIATED variety ABSORBS AND PROTECTS and is found in some ducts of glands and parts of the male epididymis and urethra

the CILIATED variety helps TRAP and MOVE foreign particles, notably in the upper respiratory tract

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15
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

two or more layers of squamous (flattened) cells in the apical layer and then becoming cuboidal or columnar in the deeper layer

well-suited for DEFENSE

abrasion resistance,

protection from water loss or or UV radiation

makes up the external layers of the kin or wet surfaces such as the lining of the mouth, esophagus, vaginal lining, or the surface of the tongue

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16
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

two or more layers of cube-shaped cells

provides PROTECTION and LIMITED SECRETION AND ABSORPTION

uncommon, found in the ducts of sweat and esophageal glands, and part of the male urethra

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17
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

2 or more layers of cells, the apical layer being columnar with deeper layers being irregularly shaped

provides PROTECTION AND SECRETION

Uncommon, lines part of the urethra, some glads, and the conjunctiva of they eye

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18
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

appearance varies from layers of cuboidal cells (relaxed) to layers of squamous cells (stretched).

allows STRETCHING AND RECOIL of organs

found in the binary bladder and portions of the ureters and urethra

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19
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

epithelial cells that make up glands and are specialized in secreting products

ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLANDS

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20
Q

Endocrine glands

A

release hormones into the blood

made of glandular epithelium

examples;: thyroid, pituitary and adrenals

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21
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

release products (not hormones) into ducts that lead to the surface of the body or internal cavities

made of glandular epithelium

Examples: sweat glands, oil glands, salivary glands and most of the pancreas

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22
Q

connective tissue

A

most abundant type of tissue in the body - has many subtypes

designed to connect, anchor, and support

can also transport and store energy

relatively few cells and much material between cells known as extracellular matrix

23
Q

Different types of connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblasts
osteoblasts
chondroblasts
Mast Cells
macrophages
plasma cells
adipocytes

24
Q

Fibroblast

A

in many connective tissues and secrete fibers that make up the matrix

25
Q

Osteoblasts

A

immature bone cells which become osteocytes (mature bone cells)

26
Q

chondroblasts

A

immature cartilage cells that become chondrocytes

27
Q

mast cells

A

produce histamine that has a role in inflammation

28
Q

macrophages

A

engulf and destroy debris and organisms

29
Q

plamsa cells

A

a type of WBC with roles in defenses

30
Q

Adipocytes

A

store fat

31
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

the material between cells in connective tissue

two major components of the matrix are:
different fibers
ground substances

32
Q

Types of fibers in extracellular matrix

A

Collagen - very resistant to tension

elastic fibers - stretch and recoil

Reticular fibers - form branching supportive networks

33
Q

Ground substance (in extracellular fluid)

A

contains water and many large organic molecules, like combinations of polysaccharides and protein

may be fluid semi-fluid, gelatinous, or hardened depending on type of connective tissue

34
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Embryonic

Mature:
1. loose - areolar, adipose, reticular
2. dense - dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
3. cartilage - hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
4. bone
4. blood and lymph

35
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

very widely distributed connective tissue

consists of randomly arranged fibers and several types of cells embedded in a semifluid ground substance

found in and around most body structures such as:
subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
mucous membranes
around blood vessels
nerves
most organs

Areolar c.t. provides strength, elasticity, and support

36
Q

Adipose tissue

A

specialized cells known as adipocytes that store triglycerides

STORES ENERGY, INSULATES, and PROTECTS organs

found in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin, around organs such as the kidneys and heart, and makes up the yellow marrow in bones

37
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

consists of a find interlacing network of this reticular fibers and reticular cells

forms framework (stoma) of organs such as the spleen and liver

make up red bone marrow and surrounds blood vessels and muscles

38
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

can stretch and recoil

fibroblasts are seen interspersed around elastic fibers

lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, and walls of elastic arteries consist of elastic c.t.

39
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

matrix of dense regular c.t. is mainly collagen fibers arranged in a very regular, parallel pattern

fibroblasts are found between the rows of collagen fibers

provides a great deal of TENSILE (pulling) STRENGTH and make up tensions and ligaments

40
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

a few fibroblasts are interspersed between collagen fibers arranged in an irregular pattern, often occurring in sheets

provides TENSIL STRENGTH in multiple directions and is found making up the fascia, the deeper dermis of the skin, the pericardium around the heart, the periosteum around bones, and the capsules around many organs such as the kidneys

41
Q

Types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

42
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints

maintains FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT

may fracture

found at ends of bones, between the sternum and ribs, forms rings in the trachea, and provides framework for embryonic/fetal skeleton

consists of chondrocytes embedded in a hard resistant matrix of fine collagen fibers and chondroitin sulfate

does not have blood vessels or nerves within its matrix - heals poorly

43
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

has thick bundles of collagen fibers and chondrocytes

makes up intervertebral discs, unites the pubic bones as the symphysis pubis, and forms the menisci of the knees

the strongest type of cartilage

provides STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY

44
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

has chondrocytes embedded in a threadlike network of elastic fibers which provides strength and elasticity

provides the structure of the external ear, the epiglottis, and the eustachian (auditory) tubes between the middle ear and throat

45
Q

bone

A

unique type of connective tissue

matrix is mostly minerals like calcium, which make it very hard

cells known as osteocytes are embedded in the matrix

46
Q

blood and lymph

A

liquid forms of connective tissue

matrix is mainly water, with unique cells such and RBC and WBC being transported by this liquid medium

47
Q

membranes

A

sheers of tissue that cover or line body parts

not a separate type of tissue

most consists of a layer of epithelial tissue facing a free surface and an underlying layer of connective tissue and are referred to as epithelial membranes

48
Q

Types of membranes

A

mucous

serous

cutaneous

synovial

49
Q

mucous membranes

A

line body cavities that OPEN TO THE EXTERIOR such as the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts and most of the urinary tract

consists of a flyer of epithelial tissue anchored to a deeper layer of connective tissue

50
Q

Serous membranes

A

line cavities that DO NOT OPEN DIRECTLY TO THE EXTERIOR, such as the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavities

consists of epithelial and connective tissue and include the pleura around the lungs, the pericardium around the heart, and the peritoneum around most abdominal organs

parietal layer that anchors to the inside of the cavity and a visceral layer that adheres to the organs within

serous fluid allows organs in the cavity to easily slide over each other

51
Q

cutaneous membranes

A

the skin may be considered a membrane

consists of outer layers of epithelial tissue (the epidermis) and a deeper layer of connective tissue (the dermis)

52
Q

synovial membranes

A

found at freely moveable joints

do not have an epithelial layer

reduce friction between bones and hyaline cartaliage

53
Q

muscle tissue

A

designed to contract and generate force

54
Q

nerve tissue

A

BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, NERVES

consists of nerve cells known as neurons which are designed to INFLATE AND CONDUCT NERVE IMPULSES

neuroglia are cells that support and protect neurons

A&P (32 decks)

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