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Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

the study of tissues

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2
Q

tissues consist of

A

groups of similarly specialized cells and the non-living material between the cells

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3
Q

4 basic types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial tissues
  2. connective tissue
  3. muscle tissue
  4. nervous tissue
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4
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers the body’s surface, lines internal cavities and forms glands

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5
Q

apical surface

A

the free surface of epithelial tissue that is not covered by another tissue

this surface faces the exterior of the body or the inside (lumen) of a hallow organ or tube

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6
Q

Basal surface

A

opposite of the apical surface of epithelial tissue

deeper inside the body and usually attaches to a basement membrane

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7
Q

epithelial tissue characteristics

A

has its own nerve supply
lacks blood supply

receives nutrients and removes wastes by way of diffusion with the blood of adjacent connective tissues

many epithelial cells undergo constant cell division to replace cells subjected to stresses placed upon the apical surface (Skin cells, lining of the stomach…)

consists mostly of cells – little material between cells

cells are arranged in single or multiple layers and come in various shapes

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8
Q

Classifications of epithelial tissue

A

By Layer:
1. simple (single layer)
2. stratified (2 or more layers)

By cell shape:
1. squamous (flattened)
2. Cuboidal (cube-shaped)
3. columnar (taller than wide, like columns)

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9
Q

by combining the number of layers and the shapes of epithelial cells you can identify 8 different types of epithelial tissues, what are they?

A

Simple squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Pseuodstratified Columnar

Stratified Squamous
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Transitional Eppthelium

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10
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

a single layer of flattened cells

well suited forEXCHANGE of substances.

not resistant to wear and tear

Found lining blood and lymphatic vessels, the chambers of the heart, air sacs of the lungs, and portions of the kidneys

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11
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

single layer of cube-shaped epithelial cells

well suited for SECRETION AND ABSORPTION

forms parts of cells in the kidneys, the surface of the ovary, secreting portion, and some ducts of many glands

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12
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium (non-ciliated)

A

single layer of column-like cells without cilia

designed for SECRETION AND ABSORPTION

Lines much of the digestive tract, the ducts of many glands, and the gallbaldder

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13
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium (ciliated)

A

a single layer of columnar cells with cilia projecting to the apical surface

Cilia “wave” and MOVE SUBSTANCES ACROSS the surface of the tissue

such as moving mucus in the respiratory tract or moving eggs in the fallopian tubes

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14
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

a single layer of cells that have nuclei at different levels, giving the appearance of several layers

the NON-CILIATED variety ABSORBS AND PROTECTS and is found in some ducts of glands and parts of the male epididymis and urethra

the CILIATED variety helps TRAP and MOVE foreign particles, notably in the upper respiratory tract

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15
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

two or more layers of squamous (flattened) cells in the apical layer and then becoming cuboidal or columnar in the deeper layer

well-suited for DEFENSE

abrasion resistance,

protection from water loss or or UV radiation

makes up the external layers of the kin or wet surfaces such as the lining of the mouth, esophagus, vaginal lining, or the surface of the tongue

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16
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

two or more layers of cube-shaped cells

provides PROTECTION and LIMITED SECRETION AND ABSORPTION

uncommon, found in the ducts of sweat and esophageal glands, and part of the male urethra

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17
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

2 or more layers of cells, the apical layer being columnar with deeper layers being irregularly shaped

provides PROTECTION AND SECRETION

Uncommon, lines part of the urethra, some glads, and the conjunctiva of they eye

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18
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

appearance varies from layers of cuboidal cells (relaxed) to layers of squamous cells (stretched).

allows STRETCHING AND RECOIL of organs

found in the binary bladder and portions of the ureters and urethra

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19
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

epithelial cells that make up glands and are specialized in secreting products

ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLANDS

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20
Q

Endocrine glands

A

release hormones into the blood

made of glandular epithelium

examples;: thyroid, pituitary and adrenals

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21
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

release products (not hormones) into ducts that lead to the surface of the body or internal cavities

made of glandular epithelium

Examples: sweat glands, oil glands, salivary glands and most of the pancreas

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22
Q

connective tissue

A

most abundant type of tissue in the body - has many subtypes

designed to connect, anchor, and support

can also transport and store energy

relatively few cells and much material between cells known as extracellular matrix

23
Q

Different types of connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblasts
osteoblasts
chondroblasts
Mast Cells
macrophages
plasma cells
adipocytes

24
Q

Fibroblast

A

in many connective tissues and secrete fibers that make up the matrix

25
Osteoblasts
immature bone cells which become osteocytes (mature bone cells)
26
chondroblasts
immature cartilage cells that become chondrocytes
27
mast cells
produce histamine that has a role in inflammation
28
macrophages
engulf and destroy debris and organisms
29
plamsa cells
a type of WBC with roles in defenses
30
Adipocytes
store fat
31
Extracellular matrix
the material between cells in connective tissue two major components of the matrix are: different fibers ground substances
32
Types of fibers in extracellular matrix
Collagen - very resistant to tension elastic fibers - stretch and recoil Reticular fibers - form branching supportive networks
33
Ground substance (in extracellular fluid)
contains water and many large organic molecules, like combinations of polysaccharides and protein may be fluid semi-fluid, gelatinous, or hardened depending on type of connective tissue
34
Types of connective tissue
Embryonic Mature: 1. loose - areolar, adipose, reticular 2. dense - dense regular, dense irregular, elastic 3. cartilage - hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage 4. bone 4. blood and lymph
35
Areolar connective tissue
very widely distributed connective tissue consists of randomly arranged fibers and several types of cells embedded in a semifluid ground substance found in and around most body structures such as: subcutaneous layer deep to the skin mucous membranes around blood vessels nerves most organs Areolar c.t. provides strength, elasticity, and support
36
Adipose tissue
specialized cells known as adipocytes that store triglycerides STORES ENERGY, INSULATES, and PROTECTS organs found in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin, around organs such as the kidneys and heart, and makes up the yellow marrow in bones
37
Reticular connective tissue
consists of a find interlacing network of this reticular fibers and reticular cells forms framework (stoma) of organs such as the spleen and liver make up red bone marrow and surrounds blood vessels and muscles
38
Elastic connective tissue
can stretch and recoil fibroblasts are seen interspersed around elastic fibers lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, and walls of elastic arteries consist of elastic c.t.
39
Dense regular connective tissue
matrix of dense regular c.t. is mainly collagen fibers arranged in a very regular, parallel pattern fibroblasts are found between the rows of collagen fibers provides a great deal of TENSILE (pulling) STRENGTH and make up tensions and ligaments
40
dense irregular connective tissue
a few fibroblasts are interspersed between collagen fibers arranged in an irregular pattern, often occurring in sheets provides TENSIL STRENGTH in multiple directions and is found making up the fascia, the deeper dermis of the skin, the pericardium around the heart, the periosteum around bones, and the capsules around many organs such as the kidneys
41
Types of cartilage
hyaline fibrocartilage elastic
42
hyaline cartilage
provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints maintains FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT may fracture found at ends of bones, between the sternum and ribs, forms rings in the trachea, and provides framework for embryonic/fetal skeleton consists of chondrocytes embedded in a hard resistant matrix of fine collagen fibers and chondroitin sulfate does not have blood vessels or nerves within its matrix - heals poorly
43
Fibrocartilage
has thick bundles of collagen fibers and chondrocytes makes up intervertebral discs, unites the pubic bones as the symphysis pubis, and forms the menisci of the knees the strongest type of cartilage provides STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY
44
Elastic cartilage
has chondrocytes embedded in a threadlike network of elastic fibers which provides strength and elasticity provides the structure of the external ear, the epiglottis, and the eustachian (auditory) tubes between the middle ear and throat
45
bone
unique type of connective tissue matrix is mostly minerals like calcium, which make it very hard cells known as osteocytes are embedded in the matrix
46
blood and lymph
liquid forms of connective tissue matrix is mainly water, with unique cells such and RBC and WBC being transported by this liquid medium
47
membranes
sheers of tissue that cover or line body parts not a separate type of tissue most consists of a layer of epithelial tissue facing a free surface and an underlying layer of connective tissue and are referred to as epithelial membranes
48
Types of membranes
mucous serous cutaneous synovial
49
mucous membranes
line body cavities that OPEN TO THE EXTERIOR such as the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts and most of the urinary tract consists of a flyer of epithelial tissue anchored to a deeper layer of connective tissue
50
Serous membranes
line cavities that DO NOT OPEN DIRECTLY TO THE EXTERIOR, such as the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavities consists of epithelial and connective tissue and include the pleura around the lungs, the pericardium around the heart, and the peritoneum around most abdominal organs parietal layer that anchors to the inside of the cavity and a visceral layer that adheres to the organs within serous fluid allows organs in the cavity to easily slide over each other
51
cutaneous membranes
the skin may be considered a membrane consists of outer layers of epithelial tissue (the epidermis) and a deeper layer of connective tissue (the dermis)
52
synovial membranes
found at freely moveable joints do not have an epithelial layer reduce friction between bones and hyaline cartaliage
53
muscle tissue
designed to contract and generate force
54
nerve tissue
BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, NERVES consists of nerve cells known as neurons which are designed to INFLATE AND CONDUCT NERVE IMPULSES neuroglia are cells that support and protect neurons

A&P (32 decks)

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