Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Defined, in a chemical sense, as anything that takes up space and has mass

  • all living and non-living things consists of matter

-in any form, all matter consists of elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Matter may exist in several states including:

A

solid, liquid, gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Elements definition

A

substances that cannon be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions
- elements are made of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Our bodies are made up of 26 different _____

A

elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Major elements of the body

A
  • make up 96% of our total body weight
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lesser elements

A
  • make up 4% of our total body weight
  • calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Trace elements

A

14 elements that make up less than 1% of our body – including iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of the element

  • subunits of elements
  • atoms broken down into subunits do not retain elemental characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

subatomic particles

A

-make up atoms
-include: protons, neutrons, electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 major parts of atoms

A

nucleus and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The nucleus of an atom consists of…

A

subatomic particles known and protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Protons have a ___ charge

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neutrons have ____ charge

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Electrons

A

subatomic particles found outside of the nucleus

-negatively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Electrons actively participate in _____ ______, which will _____

A

chemical reactions;

be important to understand some of the physiological processes of the human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two ways to envision electrons

A
  1. as a “cloud” outside of the nucleus
  2. as shells orbiting the nucleus (but they don’t actually follow a fixed orbit)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

each shell around the nucleus has….

A

a maximum number of electrons that it can hold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

to be stable, atoms tend to ______________ in attempt to fill their outermost energy shell

A

gain or lose electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ions

A

charged particles

An atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when electrons gain or lose electrons, the overall charge of the atom

A

become negative or positive, as the number of negatively charged electrons will now be different from the number of positively charged protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Molecules

A

made by combining atoms of the same element or by combining atoms of two or more elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

compound

A

a molecule consisting of the atoms of two or more DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A molecular formula designates how many ____ of each element are combined together to form the molecule

A

atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chemical reactions occur when…

A

attractive forces known as “chemical bonds” are formed or broken between atoms, molecules and compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Synthesis or anabolic reactions

A

occur when smaller structures are bound together to form larger structures

A + B –> AB

26
Q

Decomposition or catabolic reactions

A

occur when the chemical bonds holding larger structures together are broken apart, resulting in smaller structures

AB –> A + B

27
Q

metabolism

A

the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body (anabolic and catabolic reactions)

metabolism = anabolism + catabolism

28
Q

Chemical bonds

A

unite molecules and compounds together

29
Q

3 types of chemical bonds

A

ionic
covalent
hydrogen

30
Q

Ionic bonds definition

A

occur when positively and negatively charged ions attract each other

example: Na+ bonds with Cl- to form NaCl

31
Q

ionic bond characteristics

A
  • relatively weak
  • easily separate into component ions in water
32
Q

covalent bonds

A

formed when the atoms that form a molecule “share” electrons

Methane (CH4) is formed by covalent bonds between a single carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms

33
Q

Covalent bonds characteristics

A
  • most compounds and molecules in your body are held together by covalent bonds
  • strong; do not break apart easily in water
34
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

formed when positively and negatively charged “parts” of molecules are attracted to each other

35
Q

Hydrogen bond characteristics

A
  • weak attractions
  • don’t hold molecules or compounds together, they just attract molecules to each other

the positive and negative “poles” of these molecules are attracted to the oppositely charged poles of the other molecule

36
Q

Aerobic reactions

A

needs oxygen to proceed

37
Q

Anaerobic reactions

A

may proceed in the absence of oxygen

38
Q

two types of compounds

A

organic and inorganic

39
Q

inorganic compounds

A

usually lack carbon and tend to be relatively simple in their structural composition

  • covalent or ionic bonds
  • include: water and many of the acids, bases, and salts in the body
40
Q

organic compounds

A

always contain carbon

  • covalent bonds
  • most are large and sometimes complex molecules

include: carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and ATP

41
Q

Most important INORGANIC compound int he body

A

water

42
Q

water

A
  • makes up 55-60% of lean body mass in adults

-solvent: dissolves most things easily

  • it’s a polar molecule; has positive and negative parts, which is useful for some chemical reactions including the role of water as a solvent
  • involved in anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions
  • absorbs and releases large amounts of heat; allows us to withstand large range of external temps
  • lubricant; reduces friction between moving body parts
43
Q

Acids

A

associated with HYDROGEN IONS and some negative ion

example: hydrochloric acid - HCL –> H+ + Cl-

44
Q

Bases

A

associated with HYDROXYL IONS (OH-) and some positive ions

example potassium hydroxide

KOH –> K+ + OH-

45
Q

salts

A

associated with positive and negative ions, neither of which is hydrogen or hydroxyl

example: potassium chloride

KCl –> K+ + Cl-

46
Q

pH

A

measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

scale form 0-14

0 = most acidic
7 = neutral
14 = most basic (alkaline)

47
Q

Carbohydrates

A

organic compounds

include sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose.

all carbs consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

48
Q

key role of carbs

A

provide energy to drive metabolic reactions for nearly every cell of the body

49
Q

three major groups of carbs

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

50
Q

monosaccharides

A

single sugar molecules

glucose, the primary form of carbs found in blood

51
Q

disaccharides

A

formed by combining two monosaccharides together
sucrose, or table sugar

52
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chains of many monosaccharides

glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals

53
Q

Lipids

A

organic compounds

include fatty acids, fats, oils, and phospholipids

primarily consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (but in a different structure than carbohydrates)

54
Q

role of lipids

A

may provide energy
form cell membranes
provide insulation and protection
component of some vitamins and hormones

55
Q

Important types of lipids

A

Fatty acids (energy)
Triglycerides (energy, insulation, and energy storage)
steroids (for hormones and bile salts)
Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

56
Q

proteins

A

organic compounds composed of building blocks called amino acids

consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and a few also contain sulfur

57
Q

Role of protein

A
  • may be used for energy, but often “spared” for other functions
  • many body structures are made of proteins, such as muscle and skin
  • some hormones are derived from proteins
  • enzymes are proteins that help run or catalyze reactions
  • scar tissue that repairs damage to the body consists of protein
  • transport many substances through the body
  • antibodies are proteins with roles in immune reactions

and more…

58
Q

Nucleic acids

A

organic compounds that include DNA and RNA

  • very large molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
59
Q

DNA

A

forms the genetic material of a cell that we inherit from our parents

a gene is a segment of a DNA molecule

60
Q

RNA

A

relays instructions contained in genes to guide protein synthesis in a cell

61
Q

ATP

A

Organic compound

energy currency of living organisms

consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus —- combined into three phosphate groups attached to an adenosine molecule

62
Q

when ATP is broken apart

A

energy is provided to fuel nearly every action occurring in our bodies

A&P (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions