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Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Defined, in a chemical sense, as anything that takes up space and has mass

  • all living and non-living things consists of matter

-in any form, all matter consists of elements

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2
Q

Matter may exist in several states including:

A

solid, liquid, gas

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3
Q

Elements definition

A

substances that cannon be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions
- elements are made of atoms

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4
Q

Our bodies are made up of 26 different _____

A

elements

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5
Q

Major elements of the body

A
  • make up 96% of our total body weight
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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6
Q

Lesser elements

A
  • make up 4% of our total body weight
  • calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron
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7
Q

Trace elements

A

14 elements that make up less than 1% of our body – including iodine

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8
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of the element

  • subunits of elements
  • atoms broken down into subunits do not retain elemental characteristics
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9
Q

subatomic particles

A

-make up atoms
-include: protons, neutrons, electrons

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10
Q

2 major parts of atoms

A

nucleus and electrons

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11
Q

The nucleus of an atom consists of…

A

subatomic particles known and protons and neutrons

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12
Q

Protons have a ___ charge

A

positive

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13
Q

Neutrons have ____ charge

A

no

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14
Q

Electrons

A

subatomic particles found outside of the nucleus

-negatively charged

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15
Q

Electrons actively participate in _____ ______, which will _____

A

chemical reactions;

be important to understand some of the physiological processes of the human body

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16
Q

Two ways to envision electrons

A
  1. as a “cloud” outside of the nucleus
  2. as shells orbiting the nucleus (but they don’t actually follow a fixed orbit)
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17
Q

each shell around the nucleus has….

A

a maximum number of electrons that it can hold

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18
Q

to be stable, atoms tend to ______________ in attempt to fill their outermost energy shell

A

gain or lose electrons

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19
Q

Ions

A

charged particles

An atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons.

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20
Q

when electrons gain or lose electrons, the overall charge of the atom

A

become negative or positive, as the number of negatively charged electrons will now be different from the number of positively charged protons

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21
Q

Molecules

A

made by combining atoms of the same element or by combining atoms of two or more elements

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22
Q

compound

A

a molecule consisting of the atoms of two or more DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

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23
Q

A molecular formula designates how many ____ of each element are combined together to form the molecule

A

atoms

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24
Q

Chemical reactions occur when…

A

attractive forces known as “chemical bonds” are formed or broken between atoms, molecules and compounds

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25
Synthesis or anabolic reactions
occur when smaller structures are bound together to form larger structures A + B --> AB
26
Decomposition or catabolic reactions
occur when the chemical bonds holding larger structures together are broken apart, resulting in smaller structures AB --> A + B
27
metabolism
the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body (anabolic and catabolic reactions) metabolism = anabolism + catabolism
28
Chemical bonds
unite molecules and compounds together
29
3 types of chemical bonds
ionic covalent hydrogen
30
Ionic bonds definition
occur when positively and negatively charged ions attract each other example: Na+ bonds with Cl- to form NaCl
31
ionic bond characteristics
- relatively weak - easily separate into component ions in water
32
covalent bonds
formed when the atoms that form a molecule "share" electrons Methane (CH4) is formed by covalent bonds between a single carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms
33
Covalent bonds characteristics
- most compounds and molecules in your body are held together by covalent bonds - strong; do not break apart easily in water
34
Hydrogen bonds
formed when positively and negatively charged "parts" of molecules are attracted to each other
35
Hydrogen bond characteristics
- weak attractions - don't hold molecules or compounds together, they just attract molecules to each other the positive and negative "poles" of these molecules are attracted to the oppositely charged poles of the other molecule
36
Aerobic reactions
needs oxygen to proceed
37
Anaerobic reactions
may proceed in the absence of oxygen
38
two types of compounds
organic and inorganic
39
inorganic compounds
usually lack carbon and tend to be relatively simple in their structural composition - covalent or ionic bonds - include: water and many of the acids, bases, and salts in the body
40
organic compounds
always contain carbon - covalent bonds - most are large and sometimes complex molecules include: carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and ATP
41
Most important INORGANIC compound int he body
water
42
water
- makes up 55-60% of lean body mass in adults -solvent: dissolves most things easily - it's a polar molecule; has positive and negative parts, which is useful for some chemical reactions including the role of water as a solvent - involved in anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions - absorbs and releases large amounts of heat; allows us to withstand large range of external temps - lubricant; reduces friction between moving body parts
43
Acids
associated with HYDROGEN IONS and some negative ion example: hydrochloric acid - HCL --> H+ + Cl-
44
Bases
associated with HYDROXYL IONS (OH-) and some positive ions example potassium hydroxide KOH --> K+ + OH-
45
salts
associated with positive and negative ions, neither of which is hydrogen or hydroxyl example: potassium chloride KCl --> K+ + Cl-
46
pH
measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance scale form 0-14 0 = most acidic 7 = neutral 14 = most basic (alkaline)
47
Carbohydrates
organic compounds include sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose. all carbs consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
48
key role of carbs
provide energy to drive metabolic reactions for nearly every cell of the body
49
three major groups of carbs
monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides
50
monosaccharides
single sugar molecules glucose, the primary form of carbs found in blood
51
disaccharides
formed by combining two monosaccharides together sucrose, or table sugar
52
polysaccharides
long chains of many monosaccharides glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals
53
Lipids
organic compounds include fatty acids, fats, oils, and phospholipids primarily consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (but in a different structure than carbohydrates)
54
role of lipids
may provide energy form cell membranes provide insulation and protection component of some vitamins and hormones
55
Important types of lipids
Fatty acids (energy) Triglycerides (energy, insulation, and energy storage) steroids (for hormones and bile salts) Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
56
proteins
organic compounds composed of building blocks called amino acids consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and a few also contain sulfur
57
Role of protein
- may be used for energy, but often "spared" for other functions - many body structures are made of proteins, such as muscle and skin - some hormones are derived from proteins - enzymes are proteins that help run or catalyze reactions - scar tissue that repairs damage to the body consists of protein - transport many substances through the body - antibodies are proteins with roles in immune reactions and more...
58
Nucleic acids
organic compounds that include DNA and RNA - very large molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
59
DNA
forms the genetic material of a cell that we inherit from our parents a gene is a segment of a DNA molecule
60
RNA
relays instructions contained in genes to guide protein synthesis in a cell
61
ATP
Organic compound energy currency of living organisms consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus ---- combined into three phosphate groups attached to an adenosine molecule
62
when ATP is broken apart
energy is provided to fuel nearly every action occurring in our bodies

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