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A&P > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

many functions of the nervous system are coordinated by

A

the brain

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2
Q

The brain is a vital and necessary organ, though it is

A

rather delicate and susceptible to damage

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3
Q

what protects the brain?

A

the cranium

the meninges

cerebrospinal fluid

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4
Q

the cranium

A

provides body protection for the brain

coloring book p 81

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5
Q

the meninges

A

fibrous c.t. wrappings that anchor and protect the brain

cranial meninges are continuous with the spinal meninges

p 81 coloring book

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6
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

has a role in protecting the brain

flows through and around both the brain and spinal cord

colorless liquid that carries oxygen, glucose, and other substances like proteins and ions needed by the neurons and neuroglia of the brain

acts as a shock absorber

p 81 coloring book

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7
Q

components of the meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid (mater)
pia mater
subarachnoid space

p 81 coloring book

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8
Q

dura mater

A

outmost meninx

two layers around the brain but just one around the spinal cord

p 81 coloring book

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9
Q

arachnoid mater

A

the middle meninx

connects the dura to the Pia mater

p 81 coloring book

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10
Q

pia mater

A

a delicate layer wrapped round the surface of the brain

p 81 coloring book

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11
Q

subarachnoid space

A

located between the arachnoid and Pia mater

one area where CSF is located

p 81 coloring book

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12
Q

the brain needs to constantly synthesize ATP and does so almost exclusively from

A

glucose via aerobic pathways

without blood supply for even a few minutes, damage to the brain may occur

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13
Q

The blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A

protects the brain from fluctuations of substances in the blood which could possibly damage the brain

in great part formed by tight junctions between the capillaries that surround the brain and a thick basement membrane around the capillaries

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14
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

four fluid-filled cavities in the brain where CSF is formed

there are two upper lateral ventricles (1 and 2) connected to a third ventricle inferior to them and a fourth ventricle inferior to the third

p 80 coloring book

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15
Q

CSF is formed in the _____ of the two _____ _____ and then flows through narrow canals known as ______ into the _______

A

choroid plexus

lateral ventricles

inter ventricular foramina

third ventricle

p 82 coloring book

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16
Q

The choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle adds more fluid, which then flows into….

A

the subarachnoid space and into the central canal of the spinal cord

p 82 coloring book

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17
Q

CSF is eventually….

A

absorbed back into the blood through arachnoid villi

p 82 coloring book

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18
Q

Parts of the brain

A

brain stem
cerebellum
diencephalon - (thalamus and hypothalamus)
cerebrum
basal nuclei
limbic system

p 75 coloring book

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19
Q

the brain stem

A

consists of:
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

located just superior to the spinal cord, inferior to the diencephalon and anterior to the cerebellum

p 75 coloring book

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20
Q

diencephalon

A

consists of:
thalamus
hypothalamus

p 75 coloring book

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21
Q

cerebrum

A

consists of:
two cerebral hemispheres
lobes
outer cerebral cortex

p 75 coloring book

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22
Q

basal nuclei

A

deep within each cerebral hemisphere

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23
Q

the limbic system

A

a ring of structures encircling the upper brain stem on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon

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24
Q

the medulla oblongata

A

immediately superior to and continuous with the spinal cord

contains ascending and descending tracts that run between the spinal cord and other part of the brain

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25
Q

Decussation

A

bulges known as pyramids contain large voluntary motor tracts between the cerebrum and the spinal cord.

just above the junction of the spinal cord and the medulla about 90% of the axons in the pyramids cross from the left side to the right and from the right to the left.

this CROSSING is referred to as DECUSSATION

26
Q

Several nuclei in the medulla control many _____ _____ _____ such as basic _______ _____ ______ _____

A

basic survival functions

cardiovascular and respiratory actions

27
Q

The pons

A

the portion of the brain stem superior to the medulla and inferior to the midbrain

The pons also connects the outer layer (cortex) of a cerebral hemisphere to the opposite hemisphere of the cerebellum. These connections are needed to coordinate voluntary MOTOR CONTROL of the body.

28
Q

The pons CONNECTS….

A

various parts of the brain with each other (pons means bridge), such as the left and right sides of the cerebellum to each other

29
Q

The midbrain

A

the most superior part of the brain stem, above the pons and inferior to the diencephalon

30
Q

Several ____ ____ _____ ____ are centered in the midbrain

A

visual and auditory reflexes

31
Q

a darkly pigmented portion of the midbrain, the substantial nigra, helps control _____ _____ ____ and is linked to the basal nuclei

A

subconscious motor activities

32
Q

reticular formation

A

made up of small clusters of cell bodies (gray matter) interspersed among bundles of myelinated axons (white matter) throughout the brain stem

33
Q

the reticular formation has significant roles in

A

SLEEP, AROUSAL, CONSCIOUSNESS, attention and the maintenance of muscles tone

*only need to know CAPS words

p 76 in coloring book

34
Q

the cerebellum

A

lies posterior to the brain stem and inferior to the posterior position of the cerebrum

Main role is to EVALUATE how well the MOVEMENTS initiated by motor areas of the cerebrum are actually being carried out by the body

this allows coordination of skilled movements and is the principle region of the brain that controls BALANCE and POSTURE

P 76 coloring bookf

35
Q

The thalamus

A

makes up most of the diencephalon and consists of two large oval masses made up of nuclei and tracts

acts as t relay station for sensory information from the spinal cord and brain stem to various parts of the cerebral cortex

p 75 coloring book

36
Q

the hypothalamus

A

a very small portion of the diencephalon, just inferior to the thalamus

connected by a “stalk” ( the infundibulum) to the PITUITARY GLAND (also known as the hypophysis)

37
Q

the hypothalamus plays vital roles in the body:

A

link between the nervous and endocrine system

maintain homeostasis

control autonomic division of the nervous system by controlling contraction of smooth and cardiac muscles as well as the secretion of many glands

p 75 in coloring book

38
Q

the epithalamus

A

the third portion of the diencephalon

small portion superior and posterior to the thalamus and consists of the PINEAL GLAD and the habenular nuclei

39
Q

The cerebrum

A

largest, more superior portion of the brain

separated into LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERES by a deep groove known as the longitudinal fissure

40
Q

some fissures and sulci of the brain separate the cerebral hemispheres into….

A

lobes named for the bones superficial to the brain

p 73 in coloring book

41
Q

the outer portion of the cerebrum, the _____ _____, consists of a highly folded region of _____ _____.

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

GRAY MATTER

42
Q

deep to the cortex is a large region of deeper ___ ____

A

white matter

43
Q

folds of the cortex are known as

A

gyri (gyrus sigular)

44
Q

gyri are separated by deep grooves known as ______, with shallower grooves known as _____

A

FISSURES

SULCI (SULCUS)

45
Q

THE _____ ______ is a broad band of white matter consisting of axons that unite the right and left hemisphere

A

CORPUS CALLOSUM

46
Q

the _____ _____ is the HIGHLY FOLDED OUTER PORTION of the cerebrum and consists of ____ ____.

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

gray matter

47
Q

most higher thought is attributed to the

A

cerebral cortex (reasoning, logic, personality, memory, sensation, motor control)

48
Q

right hemisphere functions

A

Receives sensory input from and control muscles on the left side of the body.

Holistic awareness of art and music.

Space and pattern recognition.

Recognizing faces and expressions.

Emotional content of language.

Spatial relationships.

Identifying and discriminating odors.

p 73 coloring book

49
Q

left hemisphere functions

A

Receives sensory input from and controls muscles on the right side of the body.

Reasoning.

Numerical and scientific skills.

Ability to use and understand sign language.

Spoken and written language.

p 73 coloring book

50
Q

the central sulcus separates….

A

the FRONTAL LOBE from the PARIETAL LOBE

51
Q

the lateral cerebral sulcus separates the

A

frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

52
Q

the parieto-occipital sulcus separates the

A

parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

53
Q

functions of frontal lobe

A

cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity

54
Q

functions of parietal lobe

A

processing info about temp., taste, touch, and movement

55
Q

functions of temporal lobe

A

processing memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight, and touch

56
Q

functions of occipital lobe

A

primarily responsible for vision

57
Q

pre central gyrus

A

anterior to the central sulcus between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

primary area for motor control

58
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

key for perceiving nerve impulses related to sensations such as touch, pressure, temp., pain, and proprioception

59
Q

basal nuclei (AKA basal ganglia)

A

consists of regions of gray matter deep within each cerebral hemisphere

help REGULATE THE INITIATION AND TERMINATION OF MOVEMENTS

P 74 coloring book

60
Q

On the inner border of the cerebrum and the floor of the diencephalon are a ____ ____ ____ that encircle the upper part of the brain stem and corpus callosum that make up the

A

ring of structures

limbic system.

61
Q

limbic system plays a primary role in many

A

emotions such as pleasure, pain, docility, anger, and affection

some call it the emotional brain

also has roles in MEMORY AND LEARNING

62
Q
A

A&P (32 decks)

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