Afferent Division

Question 1

The afferent division of the nervous system consists of ____ neurons

Answer 1

Sensory neurons

Question 2

Most sensory neurons are __polar neurons, the dendrites of which serve as….

Answer 2

UNIPOLAR

SENSORY RECEPTORS

Question 3

TRANSDUCTION

Answer 3

when receptors convert a stimulus into a nerve impulse

Question 4

SENSORY RECEPTORS may be divided into TYPES based on:

Answer 4

STRUCTURE

LOCATION

TYPE OF STIMULUS

Question 5

sensory receptors based on microscopic STRUCTURE

Answer 5

free nerve endings

encapsulated nerve endings

separate cells

Question 6

sensory receptors based on LOCATION

Answer 6

extroceptors

introceptors

proprioceptors

Question 7

sensory receptors based on TYPE OF STIMULUS detected

Answer 7

Mechanoreceptors (including osmoreceptors)

thermoreceptors

photoreceptors

chemoreceptors

nociceptors

Question 8

FREE NERVE ENDINGS

Answer 8

bare dendrites of sensory neurons – they do not have any distinctive c.t. capsules around them

Question 9

ENCAPSULATED NERVE ENDINGS

Answer 9

receptors that have distinct capsules of c.t. that surround the dendrites and tend to enhance the sensitivity or specificity of the receptors

Question 10

specialized SEPARATE CELLS

Answer 10

associated with sensory neurons that act as receptors for a few sensations, such as rods and cones in the retina of the eye

Question 11

Exteroceptors

Answer 11

sensitive to EXTERNAL STIMULI
tend to be located near the surface of the body

Question 12

INTEROCEPTORS

Answer 12

AKA Visceroceptors

respond to stimuli related to the INTERNAL body environment

located within blood vessels, muscles, and visceral organs

Question 13

PROPRIOCEPTORS

Answer 13

Provide info about BODY POSITION in space, muscles length and tension, and joint position and movement – in the inner ear

Question 14

MECHANORECEPTORS

Answer 14

most diverse type of receptor in the classification based on type of stimuli

respond to mechanical or physical stimuli

sensations - touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing and equilibruim

Question 15

THERMORECEPTORS

Answer 15

detect change in temp

sensations - hot and cold

Question 16

PHOTORECEPTORS

Answer 16

Detect light

sensation - vision

Question 17

CHEMORECEPTORS

Answer 17

detect chemical stimuli

sensation - taste, smell, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood

Question 18

NOCICEPTORS

Answer 18

Respond to noxious (damaging) stimuli

sensation - pain

Question 19

REFLEXES

Answer 19

fast, unplanned sequence of actions in response to a particular stimulus

the result of a reflex arc that utilizes receptors

Question 20

5 basic components of a REFLEX ARC

Answer 20

SENSORY RECEPTOR

AFFERENT (SENSORY) PATHWAY

INTEGRATING CENTER (CNS)

EFFERENT (MOTOR) PATHWAY

EFFECTOR

Question 21

many reflex arcs are coordinated by the ____ without ___ involvement

Answer 21

spine; brain

Question 22

CRANIAL REFLEXES

Answer 22

reflex arcs utilizing the brain as the integrating center

Question 23

SPINAL REFLEXES

Answer 23

reflex arcs utilizing the spinal cord as the integrating center

Question 24

SOMATIC REFLEXES

Answer 24

Result in contraction of skeletal muscle

Question 25

AUTONOMIC (VISCERAL) REFLEXES

Answer 25

involve smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands as the effectors

Question 26

MONOSYNAPTIC REFLEXES

Answer 26

involve one synapse between only two neurons - one sensory and one motor

Question 27

POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEXES

Answer 27

involve three or more neurons, often involving interneurons in the CNS

Question 28

SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP REFLEXES

Answer 28

refer to the location of the receptors and effectors in the body

Question 29

IPSILATERAL REFLEXES

Answer 29

only involve one side of the body

Question 30

CONTRALATERAL REFLEXES

Answer 30

involve both sides of the body

Question 31

MONOSEGMENTAL REFLEXES

Answer 31

reflexes enter and leave one segment of the spinal cord

Question 32

INTERSEGMENTAL REFLEXES

Answer 32

reflexes involve several segments of the spinal cord

Question 33

STRETCH REFLEXES

Answer 33

cause the CONTRACTION OF A SKELETAL MSUCLE IN RESPONSE TO IT BEING STRETCHED

Question 34

RECIPROCAL INNERVATION

Answer 34

refers to the relaxation of antagonist muscles to allow contraction of other muscles during a stretch reflex *slide 11*

Question 35

TENDON RELFEXES

Answer 35

control the amount of tension in muscles and their tendons before forces could become great enough to tear them *essentially the opposite of the actions triggered by a stretch reflex* *not bold but helpful to understand - tendon reflexes may override stretch reflexes if the tension in contracting muscles becomes great enough to threaten to damage a muscle or its tendon*

Question 36

testing reflex arcs provides:

Answer 36

a NON-INVASIVE MEANS OF EVALUATING GENERAL FUNCTIONING OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM