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A&P > Articulations > Flashcards

Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

Articulations

A

occur where bones meet each other

used interchangeably with “Joints”

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2
Q

How are articulations classified?

A
  1. Functional - amount of movement allowed
  2. structural - what is found between the bones
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3
Q

types of functional classification articulations

A

synarthroses - no movement
amphiarthroses - slight
Diarthroses - freely moveable

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4
Q

Types of structural classifications of articulation

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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5
Q

Synarthroses joint (functional classification)

A

essentially immovable

slight expansion and contraction may occur

example: sutures of the skull

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6
Q

amphiathroses joint (functional classification)

A

slight movement

example: cartilaginous discs between vertebral bodies

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7
Q

Diarthroses joints (functional classification)

A

freely moveable

shoulder, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, most joints where there is noticeable amount of movement

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8
Q

Fibrous joints (Structural classification)

A

united by fibrous connective tissue;

little if any movements (synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic)

SUBTYPES
1. Sutures

P. 20 in coloring book

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9
Q

Cartilaginous joints (Structural classification)

A

connected by a disc or plate of either HYALINE OR FIBROCARTILAGE (not articular cartilage)

little if any movement (synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic)

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10
Q

Synovial joints

A

have a SPACE FILLED WITH FLUID between articulating bones and tend to ALLOW FREE MOVEMENT (diarthrotic)

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11
Q

Components of a synovial joint

A

Articular (joint) capsule

synovial membrane

synovial fluid

articular cartilage

ligaments

tendons

bursae

discs/menisci

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12
Q

Articular (joint) capsule - component of a synovial joint

A

a “sleeve” that surrounds the joint and encloses the synovial cavity

an outer fibrous layer is a thickening and continuation of the periosteum of the articulating bones

an inner fibrous layer is made up of a synovial membrane

some use “joint capsule” to only refer to the outer fibrous layer

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13
Q

Synovial membrane -component of a synovial joint

A

inner layer of the joint capsule - secretes synovial fluid

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14
Q

synovial fluid - component of a synovial joint

A

secreted by the synovial membrane

slippery clear/pale yellow fluid is similar in consistency with raw egg whites

reduces friction between articulating bones, absorbs shock and provides nutrients and removes waste from cells in the articular cartilage

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15
Q

Articular cartilage - component of a synovial joint

A

a smooth layer of hyaline cartilage seen on the articulating surfaces of joints that reduces friction and absorbs shock

synovial fluid in turn reduces friction between articular cartilage

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16
Q

ligaments

A

many synovial joints have a band like ligament that add stability to the joint capsule

these ligaments are most often outside of the joint space (collateral ligaments of the knee) or rarely inside the joint space (cruciate ligament of the knee)

ALWAYS CONNECT BONE TO BONE

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17
Q

tendons

A

ALWAYS CONNECT MUSCLE TO SOMETHING ELSE

often to bone, but occasionally to other structures

tendons help add stability to some synovial joints

18
Q

Bursae

A

fluid-filled acs that REDUCE FRICTION between joint structures, such as between tendons and bones that they cross

filled with fluid similar to synovial fluid

some ar found at synovial joints such as the subacromial bursa of the shoulder, some form spontaneously

19
Q

Disc/menisci

A

a few joints such as the knee and TMJ have pads of fibrocartilage between the articular cartilage of the bones

these pads are attached to the joint capsule and provide CUSHIONING and allow bones of different shapes to fit together

menisci direct synovial fluid to areas of the most friction in the joint

20
Q

Subtypes of synovial joints

A

ball and socket
hinge
pivot
ellipsoid (condyloid)
saddle
planar (gliding)

21
Q

Ball and Socket Synovial joint

A

have a ball shaped surface that fits into a round socket

freely moveable in any direction (triaxial or three planes)

the most diarthrotic of the synovial joints

hip and shoulder joints

BONE MARKING
the head of the humorous in the glenoid fossa

the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the coral bone at the hip

22
Q

Hinge synovial joint

A

have a convex surface of one bone fitting into a concave surface of another

monoaxial (uniaxial) in that they allow free movement (diarthrotic) but only in one place, like a door hinge

examples:
- the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna at the elbow

  • the ankle joint, composed of the talus and the medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula
  • interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes
23
Q

Pivot types of synovial joints

A

occur when the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring-like or curved surface of another bone

allow rotational movement in one plane (monoaxial)

Example:

  • the atlantoaxial joint between C1 and C2
  • the proximal radioulnar joint between the radius and the ulna (between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna)
  • the radial head also articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
24
Q

Ellipsoid (condyloid) types of synovial joints

A

like call and socket types but they have an elliptical or oval ball that fits into an elliptical or oval socket as opposed to round

allow biaxial movement in two planes

examples:

  • the wrist joint (radoiocarpal joint) between the distal radius and the proximal carpal bones as a group
  • the metacarpophalangeal joints between the distal end of the metacarpal and the proximal end of a proximal phalanx
  • some prefer to classify the knee as a double or bicondylar type of ellipsoid joint as opposed to a hinge joint
25
Q

Saddle type of synovial joint

A

have saddle-shaped surfaces of bones articulating with other saddle-shaped surfaces

limited triaxial movement

examples

  • carpometacarpal joints of the thumb, between the proximal end of metacarpal 1 and the trapezium (of the carpal bones)

provides with an “opposable” thumb

26
Q

Planar or gliding types of synovial joints

A

allow gliding movements between flat or slightly curved articulating surfaces

most often biaxial movements are allowed, in a back and forth, side-to-side manner

examples:

  • inter carpal joints in the wrist or inter tarsal joints of the ankle.

sternoclavicular (SC) and acromioclavicular (AC) joints at either end of the clavicle

interfacet joints of the adjacent vertebrae

27
Q

Movements

A

many different movements are allowed at different joints of the body

28
Q

Types of movements

A

flexion
extension
hyperextension
lateral flexion

elevation
depression

retraction
protraction

29
Q

Flexion

A

occurs when the angle between the (typically anterior) articulating surfaces of the bone is decreasede

30
Q

extension

A

return from flexion, which tends to involve increasing the angle between the articulating bones

31
Q

hyperextension

A

a continuation of extension beyond anatomical position

can occur at some joints, but not others

does not necessarily refer to an injury

32
Q

lateral flexion

A

only produced between vertebra, where the spine bends laterally to either side

33
Q

Rotational movements

A

when one bone rotates around another

generally involves movement around a long axis

at joints such as the shoulder and hip, rotation is broken down into INTERNAL OR MEDIAL ROTATION AND EXTERNAL OR LATERAL ROTATION, based on the direction that the anterior surface of the limb moves

PRONATION (internal) AND SUPINATION (external) of the ulna

34
Q

elevation and depression

A

elevation is upward movement and depression would be movement in a downward direction

  • mandible and scapula
35
Q

retraction and protraction

A

retraction- movement in a posterior direction

protraction - a horizontal movement in an anterior direction

-mandible, scapula

36
Q

abduction and adduction

A

abduction - body part is taken away in a frontal plane from midline

adduction - movement in frontal plane where something is added towards the midline

37
Q

plantarflexion

A

a movement at the ankle where you move towards the plantar or bottom surface of the foot

38
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement at the ankle that brings the top of the foot up towards the shin

39
Q

inversion and eversion

A

inversion - movement between tarsal bones that bring the sole of the food up towards the medial arch

eversion- turns the sole of the food outward and up, laterally

40
Q

circumduction

A

unique type of movement at triaxial joints such as the shoulder or hip, where the proximal end of the limb stays relatively stable while the distal end moves in a circle

41
Q

opposition

A

movement of the thumb towards the little finger

A&P (32 decks)

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