The Protozoa Lab Exam I Flashcards
- Live, feed and grow at expense of host
- Can be microscopic animals, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa
- Effective dispersal can be inhalation, contact, vector-borne, ingestion
- Hide from host immune system
- Don’t kill host, or Kill slowly
Parasites
Are animal-like protists
- These are all Eukaryotes (very Diverse)
- 4 groups of protozoa (based on locomotion)
- Ciliates, Amoebae, Flagellates, Apicomplexans
Protozoa Parasites
Protozoas Parasites can exist in two forms:
- Trophozaite
- Cyst
A feeding and reproducing stage (lives within the Host)
Trophozaite (Protozoan Parasites)
Dormant, can live in an environment and infect new Hosts
Cyst (Protozoan Parasites)
Excystment: Trophozoite and Cyst
After ingested, cyst develops into tropozoite, active and feeding stage
Encystment: Trophozoite and Cyst
Cyst formation before exiting the body (fecal route), helps protect and infect new host
The Ciliates
Use cilia for locomotion and or acquiring food
Found in intestinal tracts of animals, usually pigs
- The only ciliate to cause disease in humans
- Commonly infected by consuming food or water contaminated with feces containing cysts
- Excystment occurs in small intestines
Balantidium coli
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss and dysentery
results in balantidiasis
Causes Amebic Dysentery
- Ingested by contaminated food and water
- Cysts in the water (asymptomatic in -10% of human population)
- More common in underdeveloped countries
Entameba Histolytica
- Ingest cysts
- Pass through stomach
- Excystment in the small intestine
- Trophozoites release enzymes and penetrate the intestinal lining
- creates ulcers and then cause symptoms
Entameba Histolytica (Pathology)
Characterized by having no truly defined shape, using Pseudopodia to move and acquire food
The Amoebae
Infection caused by amoebas
Amebiasis
Diarhea and bloody stools
- cramps
- vomiting
- weight loss
- malaise
- angry
Amebic dysentery
Diagnosis of Amebic Dysentery
- Must find trophozoites in stool to identify amoeba from bacteria
- Antibody test is used for identification
Entameba histolytice
Causes amebiasis and amebic dysentery
Acanthamoeba and Naegleria
Causes fatal infections in the brain
- Rare incidence
- Common in warm lakes, ponds, moist soil
- Transmission can occur through open wounds, eyes, or ingesting contaminated water
Lives on the surface of teeth -base of gums -Tonsils -Has been implicated as a cause of gingivitis Transmission is by kissing -No cyst stage, trophozoite only
Entameba gingivalis
Characterized by having at least one flagella
The Flagellates
Entameba gingivalis cyst or trophozoites
trophozoites
Causes trichomoniasis “trich”
- Transmitted by sex (STD)
- poor hygiene helps establishment
Trichomonas vaginalis
Found in vagina in women
-urethra and prostate of men
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas Vaginalis
Cyst or Trophozoite
Trophozoite only
Trichomonas vaginalis pathology
- Gets in the vagina and raises the pH to 4-4.5 to 5-6; this promotes growth
- Feed on bacteria and leukocyes
- Degeneration of epithelium with inflammation
Symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis in women
- Itching, burning during urination
- Stinging pain, painful intercourse
- White or yellow or green discharge
Symptoms of Trichomonas Vaginalis in men
- Pain during urination
- Lower sperm count
Diagnosis of Trichomonas Vaginalis
View trophozoties in vaginal smear, swab urethra
Is a common water-borne gastrointestinal disease
-Found in contaminated water
Giardia lamblia
Animal reservoirs include beaver, dogs, sheep, deer;
These animals shed cysts in their feces, cysts can survive for months outside of host
Giardia lambia
Giardia lamblia pathology
The ingested cysts pass through stomach
- Excystment in the duodenum, trophozoites in intestine
- attaches to the intestinal wall
- multiplies and interfere with absorption of fats, fats not absorbed by host
Symptoms of giardia lamblia
- Some people are asymptomatic
- Foul smelling gas
- Frothy diarrhea
- Fatty stool (it floats)
- Painful cramps
Giardia lamblia Trophozoties or Cyst
Both
-Cyst in the stool of the host
This organism causes African sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma bruccei
What are the animal reservoirs (host) of the Trypanosoma bruccei
Cattle
Sheep
Wild animals
Humans
Vectors of the Typanosoma Bruccei
The Tse-Tse fly
Transmitted by the bite
Typanosoma Bruccei pathology
- Fly bites human
- Forms a chancre
- Parasite enters the blood
- Spreads to the lymph system and blood
- Invade the heart and block blood vessels
- Travel to the CNS
Symptoms and diagnosis of Trypanosoma Brucei
-Fever
-Swelling of the lymphh nodes
-headache
-faulty blood clotting
-tremors
-rigid muscles
-heart and valve damage
-Coma
-Death
Diagnosis; View Epimastigotes in the blood
Tse-Tse Fly
In the fly the Trypanosoma matures in salivary glands of Tse-Tse fly andis called a Trypanomastigote
This causes of South American Sleeping sickness or Chagas Disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
Animal reservoirs for the Trypanosoma cruzi
Armadillos
Opossums
Humans
And other animals
Vectors of the Trypanosoma Cruzi
The Triatmoid bug (the kissing bug)
Trypanosoma Cruzi Pathology
Bug bites on the lips and defecates
- Forms a Chagome
- Trypanosomes multiply at the chagoma
- Enter the blood
- Go to heart
- –Enter the heart muscle cells and become amastigotes (non-Flagellated form)
- –Alter cardiac activity, heart failure and death
- Enters the CNS
Chagoma
Swelling at the site of a bug bite
The symptoms of the Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagoma on the lip Fever Swollen lymph nodes Irregular heart beat Enlargement of spleen, colon, and esophagus Blood clots Heart Failure Coma and death
- Have a apical complex used in penetrating a Host cell
- During life cycle they assume a non-motile spore-like shape
- Very complex life cycle which involves at least two Hosts
The Apicomplexans
- Cause of Malaria
- Endemic in over 100 countries, primarily the tropics
- Cases in the U.S. are rare
- Vector: The anopheles mosquito
Plasmodium
Plasmodium pathology
- Caused by inflammatory response and destrutio of red blood cells
- RBC spontaneously burst due to schizont (asexual reproduction of parasite
- Body can not recycle lost iron fast enough
- Bone marrow cannot keep up with loss of RBC
- Vessels are clogged due to lysis of RBC
- Kidneys have difficulty filtrating blood Damage to kidneys
Pladmodium Symptoms
-Severity of Malaria can vary according to species
Pladmodium Symptoms Also include
- Anemia
- Malaise, Muscle aches and pains, Mild delirium
- Loss of appetite
- A feeling of extreme cold and then a fever an hour later
- Excessive perspiration
- Reddish black urine
- Can go to the brain and cause cerebral malaria
- –Fever of 108 and then coma and death
- Could have a heart attack and stroke from cell debris
This organism can cross the placenta
- Called Congential Toxoplasmosis
- Can result in brain, eye malformations.Mental retardation
- May result in stillbirth or spontaneous abortion
Toxoplama gondii
What does Toxoplasna gondii causes
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis:
Fever producing illness. resembles pneumonia
Toxoplasma gondii definitive host
The Cat
Toxoplasm gondii reservoirs or host in nature
Rodent
Birds
-Undercook meat
