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Microbiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Recombinant DNA technology can be most accurately defined as the

A

deliberate modification of the genome of an organism for practical purposes

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2
Q

The natural role of restriction enzymes in bacteria is to

A

protect the cell from invading Phages

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3
Q

A library of clone sequences representing the expressed genes of an organisms is known as a

A

Gene library

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4
Q

Which of the following restriction enzyme sites would produce blunt-ended fragments?

A

CCC^GGG

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5
Q

**Recent modifications of microbes have produced

A

Microbes which facilitate extractioin of metals from mining ores

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6
Q

Synthetic nucleic acids are useful as

A

DNA probes, primers, and antisense RNAs

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7
Q

Mutagens are useful in biotechnology research for

A

Producing organisms with altered phenotypes

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8
Q

Which of the following is essential to PCR?

A

Both DNA primers and DNA polymerase

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9
Q

Which of the following would be appropriate sequence of temperature for PCR?

A

94C , 65C, 72*C

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10
Q

if you started with a single DNA molecule, how many would you have at the end of the six PCR cycles

A

64

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11
Q

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules move toward the ______ electrode because they have an overall _____Charger

A

Positive

Negative

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12
Q

Which of the following procedures might be used to detect the presence of genetic sequences of a virus in a sample?

A

Southern blotting or RCR

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13
Q

A northern blot differs from a southern blot in the

A

type of nucleic acid being isolated

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14
Q

Th DNA double helix can be separated into single strands using

A

Heat (94)

or NaOH

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15
Q

What device is used for PCR?

A

Thermocycler

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16
Q

DNA fingerprinting can be used

A

for forensics and detection of uncultivable organisms

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17
Q

A researcher inserted DNA fragments from an organism into plasmids and introduced the modified plasmids into bacterial cells.

which methods would be most efficicent means of identifying which clones contain a specific gene of interest?

A

a labeled synthetic probe complementary to the gene seqence

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18
Q

Transgenic organisms

A

contain genes from other organisms

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19
Q

Microbes produces a protein that kill a variety of insect pests

A

(Bt)

Bacillus thuringiensis

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20
Q

A procedure that would be used to introduce DNA into a single mouse cell?

A

Microinjection

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21
Q

The procedure used to identify individuals by their unique genetic sequences is known as

A

DNA Fingerprinting

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22
Q

Synthesis of cDNA requires the use of

A

reverse transcriptase

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23
Q

Probes used for detecting genetic sequence are frequently composed of

A

synthetic nucleic acids and labeled conjugates, such as fluorescent dye

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24
Q

_________ are used for cutting DNA molecules into fragments

A

Restriction enzymes

25
Q

in southern blotting, DNA molecules are immobilized on

A

Nitrocellulose membrane

26
Q

Injecting DNA into cells can be accomplished using

A

Micropipettes, or compressed air and gold beads

27
Q

DNA encoding a normal gene is inserted into cells from a patient with a defective form of the gene. Recombinant cells are identified and isolated, and returned to the patients body. this is an example of?

A

Gene therapy

28
Q

Some of the strongest opposition to the application of recombinant DNA technology concers

A

Modification of food crops

29
Q

The use of microbes to make practical products such as vaccines or hormones is called

A

Biotechnology

30
Q

Nucleic acid molecules used to deliver new genes to cells are called

A

Vectors

31
Q

_________, first isolated from bacterial cells, cut DNA molecules at specific sites

A

restriction enzymes

32
Q

Short nucleic acid molecules used to locate complementary sequences in a larger population of molecules are called

A

Probes

33
Q

A set of clones representing the entire genome of an organism is know as a

A

Gene library

34
Q

The northern blot is a technique used to detect specific RNA molecules in a larger population of molecules that have been separated by

A

Gel electrophoresis

35
Q

The process of locating gens within the nucleic acid of an organisms is called

A

genetic mapping

36
Q

The insertion of foreign DNA directly into a cells nucleus using a glass micro pipet is called

A

Microinjection

37
Q

Can be used to detect mutant genes associated with genetic diseases in individuals before any clinical sysmptoms are notes

A

Genetic screening

38
Q

May be used to study the complex changing patterns of mRNA production in an organism

A

DNA library

39
Q

Beta-Carotene, the biochemical precursor to vitamin A, can be added to rice by using ____________. thereby increasing its nutritional value

A

recombinant DNA technology

40
Q

Vectors usually contain _________such as antibiotic genes or fluorescent tages

A

Genetic markers

41
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

A

Technology that allows DNA to be manipulated, alter and transferred from one organism to another

42
Q

How is recombinant DNA technology possible?

A

The DNA code is universal, so the genetic code is the same in all organisms, also transcription and traslation are essentially the same in all organisms

43
Q

What are the stages of making a protein using DNA technology?

A 
Isolation 
Insertion
Transformation 
Identification 
Growth/Cloning
44
Q

What occurs in isolation?

A

The DNA fragments with the gene for the desired protien are isolated

45
Q

Which methods can be used to isolate the DNA fragments?

A

Conversion of mRNA to cDNA using restriction endocucleases, using the gene machine

46
Q

how can we isolate DNA from mRNA?

A

We can extract mRNA from the cell’s cytoplasm as it’s more abundant than DNA. we can use the mRNA as templates to make lots of complementary DNA using reverse transcriptase

47
Q

What happens to the cDNA

A

Its single stranded, so DNA polymerase is used to build up other strand with complementary nucleotides, giving us double stranded DNA

48
Q

What happens in insertion

A

the DNA fragment is inserted into a vector

49
Q

what is step one of insertion?

A

The DNA fragemnt is cut out of the host DNA using a restriction site producing sticky ends. this is done twice

50
Q

What is step two of insertion

A

Vector DNA e.g plasmis is isolated and cut with the same enzyme once

51
Q

What is step three of insertion?

A

The sticky ends on the fragment are complementary to those on the vector and bind using the base paring rule

52
Q

what is step 4 of insertiong

A

DNA ligase is added, joining the fragments by reforming the sugar-phosphate backbone where it was broken by the restriction site this is ligation

53
Q

what is step 5 of insertion

A

This forms a loop of recombinant DNA

54
Q

what could also happen during insertion

A

The plasmid sticky ends may reattach without taking up the DNA or the DNA could bind to itself forming a plasmid which isnt recombinant

55
Q

What do we use to identify bacteria that have taken up the plasmid and what ae some examples?

A

Marker gene, antibiotic resistance marker genes, fluorescence maker genes, and enzyme marker genes

56
Q

What is a thermocycler

A

a compter controlled machine that varies temperture precisely over a period of time

57
Q

what is stage 1 of PCR

A

all of the components are added to the thermocycler and the temperature is increased to 95 degrees. this causes hydrogen bonds to break, separating the strands of the DNA frament (denaturation)

58
Q

What is stage 2 of PCR

A

The mixture is cooled to 65 degrees causing primers to anneal (bind) to their complementary bases at the end of the fragment. this allows tag polymerase to bind and start copying the DNA. it also prevents strands from rejoining (Priming)

59
Q

What is stage 3 of PCR?

A

The temperature is increased to 72 degrees, the optimum temp for taq polumerase to add complementary nucleotides along each of the seprarte strands

Microbiology (26 decks)

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