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Microbiology > Chapter 15 Innate immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Innate immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Due to physiological processes of human that are incompatible with certain pathogens

A

Species resistance

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2
Q

Correct chemical

A

receptors not present on human cells

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3
Q

Conditions may be incompatible with those needed for

A

Pathogen survival

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4
Q

Multiple pathogens which humans dont have ______ resistance

A

Innate

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5
Q

3 Lines of defense against pathogens

A
  • Skin and membranes
  • Cells, chemical, and protein
  • Adaptive Response (Lymphocytes and Antibodies)
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6
Q

Skin and membranes

Cells, chemical, and protein

A

Innate

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7
Q

Structures, chemicals, and processes that work to prevent pathogens entering the body

A

1st line of defense

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8
Q

1st line of Defense

A

Skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive system

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9
Q

Skin is composed of

A

2 major layers

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10
Q

Multiple layers of tightly packed cells

A

Epidermis

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11
Q

Few pathogens can penetrate these layers

Shedding of dead skin cells removes microorganisms

A

Epidermis

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12
Q

Epidermal __________ phagocytize pathogens

A

Dendritic cells

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13
Q

Collagen fibers help skin resist abrasions that could introduce microorganisms

A

Dermis

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14
Q

Skin has _______ that defend against pathogens

A

Chemicals

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15
Q

Secreted by sweat glands

A

Perspiration

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16
Q

_______ inhinits growth of pathogens

A

Salt

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17
Q

____________ (defensins) act against microbes

A

Antimicrobial peptides

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18
Q

________ destroys cell wall of bacteria

A

Lysozymes

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19
Q

_________ secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands

A

Sebum

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20
Q

Helps moisten skin preventing break or tear

Lowers skin pH to level inhibitory to many bacteria

A

Sebum

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21
Q

Lines all body cavities open to environment

A

Mucous membrane

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22
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Epithelium

Deeper connective layer that supports the epithelium

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23
Q

Thin, outer covering of the mucous membranes

  • Tightly packed epithelial cells to prevent entry of pathogens
  • Continual shedding of cells carriers away microorganisms
A

Epithelium

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24
Q

Produces and drains tears

A

Lacrimal apparatus

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25
Q

Blinking spreads tears and washes surface of the eye

A

Lacrimal apparatus

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26
Q

_______ in tears destroys bacteria

A

Lysozyme

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27
Q

Normal microbiota compete with potential pathogens

A

Microbial antagonism

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28
Q

Make it difficult for pathogens to compete

A

Normal microbiota

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29
Q 
Consumes nutrients (unavailable to others)
Creates an environment unfavorable to other microorganisms
A

Normal microbiota

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30
Q

Normal microbiota help the ______________-

A

Body’s second line of defense

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31
Q

Normal microbiota provides

A

Vitamins to host

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32
Q

Present in skin, mucous membrane, neutrophils
Acts against a variety of microbes
Punch holes in cytoplasmic membrane or interrupt activites properties

A

Antimicrobial peptides (defensins)

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33
Q

Many organs secrete chemicals with antimicrobial properties

A

Other processes and chemicals

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34
Q

Operates when pathogens penetrate the skin or mucous membrane

A

The body’s second line of defense

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35
Q

The bodys seconds line of defense is composed of

A

Cells, antimicrobial chemicals

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36
Q

Examples of the bodys second line of defense

A

Phagocytes, complement proteins, interferons

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37
Q

Phagocytes, complement proteins, interferons

A

many of these components are contained or originate in the blood

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38
Q

Mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins

A

Plasma

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39
Q

The fluid remaining when clotting factors are removed

A

serum

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40
Q

Plasma includes

A

Iron-binding proteins

-Complement and proteins

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41
Q

Antibodies are also in plasma, however they are formed during ___________.

A

Adaptive immunity

42
Q

Cells and cell fragments in plasma are called

A

Formed elements

43
Q

3 types of formed element

A

erythrocytes
Platelets
Leukocytes

44
Q

Carry O2 and CO2 in the blood

A

Erythrocytes

45
Q

Involved in blood clotting

A

Platelets

46
Q

Involved in defending the body against invaders (WBCs)

A

Leukocytes

47
Q

3 types of formed elements divided into

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

48
Q

Granulocytes 3 types

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

49
Q

Contain large granules that stain different color

A

Granulocytes

50
Q

stain blue with basic dye methylene blue

A

Basophils

51
Q

Stain red/orange with acidic dye eosin

A

Eosinophils

52
Q

Stain lilac with mix of acidic and basic dye

A

Neutrophils

53
Q

Agranulocytes 2 types

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

54
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Cytoplasm appears uniform under a light microscope

55
Q

Most involved in adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocytes

56
Q

Exits blood and matures into macrophages

A

Monocytes

57
Q

Phagocytosis 6 stage done by phagocytes

A 
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Maturation 
Killing
Elimination
58
Q

Movement toward stimulus

A

Chemotaxis

59
Q

Use glycoproteins to adhere to pathogen

A

Adherence

60
Q

Use pseudopodia to surround and ingest pathogen

A

Ingestion

61
Q

Lysosome fuses with phagosome, forming a phagolysosome (or residual body)

A

Maturation

62
Q

Enzymes, H+ and chemicals destroy microbe

A

Killing

63
Q

Exocytosis, vesicles merge with peripery of cell contents from microbe expelled

A

Elimination

64
Q

Differential white blood cell count can signal signs of disease

A

Lab analysis of leuocytes

65
Q

Increase eosinophils

A

Allergies and parasitic worms

66
Q

Often show increase in neutrophils

A

Bacterial disease

67
Q

Show increase in lymphocytes

A

Viral infections

68
Q

Attack parasitic helminths by attaching to their surface and secretes toxins

A

Killing by eosinophils

69
Q

____________(elevated eosinphils) is often indicative of helminth infestation

A

Eosinophila

70
Q

_____________ and _______ form a defensive structure that kills some bacteria

A

Eosinophil mitochondrial DNA

Protein

71
Q

Secrete toxins onto surface of virally infected cells and tumor

A

Killing by natural killer lymphocytes

72
Q

They dont attack normal body cells because they have membrane proteins similar to those of NK cells

A

Killing by natural killer lymphocytes

73
Q

Produce chemicals that kill nearby invades (O2, H2O, NO, hypochlorite)

A

Killing by neutrophils

74
Q

Neutrophils can also generate extracellular fibers called ____________ that bind to and kill bacteria

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

75
Q

Integral membrane proteins produced by phagocytic cells (10 TLR known to humans)

A

Toll-like receptors

76
Q

TRLs bind to molecules associated with pathogens called

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

77
Q

Example of PAMPS

A 
dsRNA
Viral RNA
Peptidoglycan
Flagellin 
LSP
78
Q

TLRs initiate defensive response

A

Apoptosis cell suicide
Secretion of inflammatory mediators
Production of stimulants of adaptive immune response

79
Q

Protein in cytosol that bind PAMPs, trigger apoptosis and inflammation

A

NOD proteins

80
Q

Protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhaibit the spread of viral infections

A

Interferons

81
Q

Causes many symptoms associated with viral infections

A

Interferons

82
Q

2 types of interferons

A 
Type l (alpha and beta)
Type II (gamma)
83
Q

Secreted after cell is infected with virus, infected cell binds to receptors on the membrane of other cells (not infected)

A

Type I

84
Q

Triggers production of _________ (AVP) inside cell preventing viral replication (if new cell becomes infected)

A

Antiviral proteins

85
Q

Stimulates phagocytic activity

A

Type II (gamma)

86
Q

Set of serum proteins designated numerically according to their order of discovery

A

Complement

87
Q

Complement activiation stimulates a cascade of reactions which eventually forms a __________ resulting in lysis of the foreign cell

A

Membrane attack complex (MAC)

88
Q

Complement can be activated in three ways

A

Classical pathways
Alternate pathway
Lectin pathways

89
Q

Antibody activation

A

Classical pathways

90
Q

Pathogens activate

A

Alternate pathways

91
Q

Microbial polysaccharides activate

A

Lectin pathway

92
Q

Why doesnt the complement cascade affect our cells?

A

Inactivation of complement
-Body’s own cells withstand complement cascade by carrying proteins which bind and break down activated complement proteins, therefore no MAC forms

93
Q

Nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causes. Characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain

A

Inflammation

94
Q

2 Types of inflammation

A

Acute

Long-lasting (chronic)

95
Q

Develops quickly and is short lived, typically beneficial

A

Acute

96
Q

Is important in the seconds line of defense

A

Acute

97
Q

In acute migration of phagocytes, ____________

A

Phagocytosis of pathogens

98
Q

May harm tissues

A

Long-lasting (chronic)

99
Q

A body temperature of 37c

A

fever

100
Q

fever results when ________pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body’s core temperature

A

Pyrogens

101
Q

Various types of pyrogens

A

Bacterial toxin

  • Cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis
  • Antibody-antigen complexes

Microbiology (26 decks)

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