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Microbiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Collection of biochemical reactions, ultimate function is reproduction

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Every cell ______ nutrients

A

Acquires

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3
Q

Metabolism requires energy from __________

A

light or nutrients

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4
Q

Energy is stored in ___________

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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5
Q

Cells _______ nutrients to form ________

A

Catabolize

Precursor metabolites

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6
Q

Precursor metabolites, energy from ATP, and enzymes are used in ____________

A

anabolic reactions

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7
Q

Enzymes plus ATP form

A

Macromolcules

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8
Q

Cells _______ once they have reached a critical mass

A

Reprodue

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9
Q

_______: exgeronic, break larger molecules into smaller products

A

Catabolic Pathways

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10
Q

________: endergonic, synthesize large molecules from thee smaller products of catabolism

A

Anabolic pathways

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11
Q

Oxidation and reduction (redox) reaction

A
  • Transfer of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor
  • Reactions always occur simultaneously
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12
Q

Oxidation (3 Methods)

A
  • Lose an electron
  • Lose a hydrogen
  • Gain an oxygen atom
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13
Q

Cells use electron carriers to carry electrons

A

Hydrogen often assists in the e- transfer

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14
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ —–>

A

NADH

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15
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD+) —>

A

NADPH

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16
Q

Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) ——>

A

FADH2

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17
Q

Organisms release energy from nutrients, which is harnessed, and stored in high-energy phosphate bonds

A

ATP

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18
Q

__________: inorganic phosphate is added to substrate

A

phosphorylation

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19
Q

Cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP in 3 ways

A
  • Substrate-level phosphorylation
  • Oxidative phosporylation
  • Photophosphorylation
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20
Q

The roles of Enzmes in metabolism

A

Enzymes are organic catalysts of chemical reactions

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21
Q

hydrolysis

A

Hydrolases

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22
Q

Rearrange atoms within a molecule

A

isomerases

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23
Q

anabolic (builds)

A

Ligases or polymerases

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24
Q

Spitting molecules without H2O

A

Lyases

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25
Q

Transfers e- or H to another molecule

A

Oxidoredyctases

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26
Q

Move a functional group to another molecule

A

Transferase

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27
Q

inactive proteins which require a cofactor to function (inorganic ions or coenzymes)

A

Apoenzymes

28
Q

vitamins not synthesized by organism

A

Coenzymes

29
Q

binding of apoenzyme and its cofactor yeild ________ an active enzymes

A

Holoenzymes

30
Q

non protein enzymes some are RNA molecules called

A

Ribozymes

31
Q

Activity of enzyme depends on closeness of fitt. upon activation, enzymes undergo an _______ for enzymes-substrate specificity

A

induce fit

32
Q

The process of enzymatic activity

A
  1. Enzymes and substrate interact
  2. Enzymes substrate complex
  3. product released
  4. bonds are formed or broken
  5. enzymes reused
33
Q

Enzymatic reaction influenced by

A

Temperature
pH
Enzyme and substrate concentration
Presense of inhibiotors

34
Q

inhibitors

A

Substances that block an enzyme’s active site

do not denature enzymes

35
Q

Molecules with a similar configuration can act as ______ which can outcompete for an enzymes active site

A

Inhibitors

36
Q

________________ Binds at an allosteric site

A

Non-competive inhibitor

37
Q

In excitatory allosteric control, an activator molecule bind to the allosteric site, causing the active site to change shape,____________________.

A

Activating an inactive enzymes

38
Q

the end product of some metabolic pathways can result in

A

feedback inhibition

39
Q

enzymes catabolize carbohydrates (ex Glucose) to harvest energy is 2 processes

A
  • Cellular respiration

- Fermentation

40
Q

Respiration includes gylcolysis , krebs cycle and electron transport to

A

oxidize pyruvic acid into CO2 and H20

41
Q

Fermentation invovles gycolysis and pyruvic acid is

A

net completely oxidized

42
Q

Glycolysis

A

occurs in cytoplasm of most cells

involves splitting of six carbon glucose into 2 pyruvic acids (3 carbon molecule) storing energry in ATP

43
Q

3 stage of glycolysis involving 10 steps

A

Energy investment stage
lysis stage
energy conserving stage

44
Q

Result of gylcolysis

A

Is net gain of 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvic acids molecules

45
Q

Cellular respiration pyruvic acid products them completely oxidied to produce ATP by serier of redo reactions in cellular respiration or

A

in fermentation pyruvic acid incompletely oxidized

46
Q

three stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Synthesis of acetyl-CoA
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. Final series of redox reactions (electron transport chain)
47
Q

Synthesis of acetyl-CoA

A

2- acetyl-CoA
2 CO2
2 NADH

48
Q

up energy remains in bonds of acetyl CoA
energy form acetly-CoA transferred to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD
occurs in cytosol of prokaryotes and in matri of mitochondria in eukaryotes

A

The Krebs cycle

49
Q

Kred cycle results in

A

2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH, 4 CO2

50
Q

MOst ATP is produced from serier of redox reactions known as an

A

Electron transport chain (ETC)

51
Q

Energy from electrons used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, ______________________.

A

establishing a prton gradient

52
Q

Ectrochemical gradient to generat ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

53
Q

Cells use __________ in redox reactions of ETC to creat proton gradient

A

Energy released

54
Q

Protons flow down electrochemical gradient through ATP synthases that _____________________

A

Phospharylation ADP to ATP

55
Q

total of - ____ ATP formed from one molecule of glucose

A

34

56
Q

Integral membrane proteins which conatain flavin

A

Flavoprotein

57
Q

Lipid soluble electron carriers

A

Ubiquinones

58
Q

Intergral proteins w/ metal

A

Metal containing proteins

59
Q

Intergral proteins associated w/ heme

A

Cytochromes

60
Q

oxygen serves as fina electron accepto

A

Aerobic respiration

61
Q

MOlecules other then oxygen serves as final electron acceptor

A

Anaerobic respiration

62
Q

Alternatives to glycolysis

A

Yield fewer ATP than glyciysis

reduce coenzymes and yeild different metabolites needed in anabolic pathways

63
Q

Uses pentse

A

Pentose phosphate pathways

64
Q

Uses different enzymes than in glycolysis

A

Enter-doudoroff pathway

65
Q

used if cells cannot completely oxidize glycose by cellular respiration

A

Fermentation

66
Q

Cells require constant source of NAD+

A

connot be obtained usig glycolysis and kreb cycle

67
Q

Ferminention provide cells with alternate source of NAD+

A

Partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using an organic molecule from witin the cell as final electron acceptor

Microbiology (26 decks)

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