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Microbiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

are the smallest unit of life.

A

Cells

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2
Q

Living organisms exhibit

A

Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism

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3
Q

Cells vary in

A

Complexity
Size
Structure
Metabolic processes

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Lack nucleus

Composed of bacteria, archaea

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5
Q

Prokaryotes _____various structures bound with phospholipids membranes

A

Lack

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6
Q

Prokaryotes are small, ~1.0 um in diameter

A

simpler cells

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7
Q

Have nucleus and internal membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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8
Q

Eukaryotes are lager, 10-100 um in diameter ______.

A

more complex

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9
Q 
Alae 
protozoa
fungi
animals
plants
A

Eukaryotes

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10
Q

_______: Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell, composed of polysaccharides and or polypeptides, protect against _______.

A

Glycocalyces

Desiccation

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11
Q

There are two type of Glycocalyces

A

Capsule

Slime Layer

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12
Q

Composed of organized repeating units of organic chemical firmly attached to cell’s surface and may prevent bacteria from being recognized by host

A

Capsule

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13
Q

Loosely attached to cell surface, water soluble, and sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces

A

Slime Layer

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14
Q

Responsible for movement, extend beyond cell surface. Are not present on all bacteria

A

Flagella

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15
Q

Structures:

20nm in diameter, ~10-20um long. flagellin

A

Filament

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16
Q

Structures:

Protein that connects filament to basal body

A

Hook

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17
Q

Structures:

Anchors filament and hook to cell wall by a rod and a series of either two or four rings of integral proteins

A

Basal body

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18
Q

Some spirochetes have flagella at both ends, which spiral around the cell called _______

A

endoflagella

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19
Q

endoflagella make up ________, which wraps around the cell.

A

Axial filament

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20
Q

Endoflagella and Axial filament use

A

Corkscrew propulsion

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21
Q

Rotation propels bacterium through fluid environment

A

Flagella

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22
Q

Rotation reversible; can be counterclockwise or clockwise

A

Flagella

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23
Q

Flagella rotate at _______, fueled by H+ or NA+

A

100,000 RPM

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24
Q

Bacteria move in response to _____.

A

Stimuli

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25
Q

Postive taxis

A

Toward

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26
Q

Negative taxis

A

Away

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27
Q

Movement toward light

A

photo taxis

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28
Q

Movement toward chemicals

A

Chemo taxis

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29
Q

Rod-like proteinaceous extensions

A

Fimbriae and pil

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30
Q

Sticky, bristlelike projections

A

Fimbriae

31
Q

Fimbriae used by bacteria to ______ to one another, to hosts, and to substances in enviroment

A

Adhere

32
Q

Shorter the Flagella

A

Fimbriae

33
Q

Fimbriae serve an important function in _____.

A

biofilms

34
Q

Masses of bacteria bound by fimbriae orglycocalyx (Capsule)

A

Biofilms

35
Q

Pili aka

A

Conjugation pili

36
Q

Tubules composed of _____

A

Pili

37
Q

Bacteria typically only have one or two per cell

A

Pili

38
Q

Pili mediate the _______ from one cell to another in ______.

A

Transfer of DNA

Conjugation

39
Q

Bacterial Cell Walls are composed of _________ provides structure, shape and protection of the cell from osmotic forces

A

Peptidoglycan

40
Q

Assist some cells in attaching to other cells or in resisting antimicrobial drugs (some drugs target cell wall)

A

Bacterial cell walls

41
Q

what gives bacterial cells characteristic shapes

A

Cocci bacillus

42
Q

2 Basic types of bacterial cell walls

A

Gram-positive and gram-negative

43
Q

Peptidoglycan is composed of alternating _________ structurally simiar to glucose

A

NAG

NAM

44
Q

Thick peptidoglycan contain technic cell linked to lipids (lipotechoic acids)

A

Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell walls

45
Q

Up to 60% mycolic acid in _______ helps cell survive desiccation

A

Acid-Fast bacteria

46
Q

Gram-positive has

A

multiple layers

47
Q

1 thin layer of peptidoglycan

A

Gram-Negative

48
Q

Gram-negative bilayer membrane outside the peptidoglycan contains phospholipids, protein, and ___________.

A

lipopolusaccharide (LPS)

49
Q

Gram-positive

Lipid portion of LSP know as _______, a toxin which can affect humans

A

Lipid A

50
Q

Outside peptidoglycan layer LPS contains

A

lipid A

51
Q

_______ describes current understanding of membrane structure

A

Fluid mosaic

52
Q

Referred to as phospholipids bilayer

A

Structure

53
Q

Bacterial cytoplasmic membranes Function

A

Selectively permeable

54
Q

proteins allows substances to cross membrane, maintains concentration and electrical gradient, energy storage, harvest light energy

A

Bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

selectively permeable

55
Q

(a) Diffusion-

A

through the phospholipid bilayer

56
Q

(B) Facilitated diffusion

A

Through a nonspecific channel protein

57
Q

(C) Facilitated diffusion

A

through a pemease specific for one chemical; binding of substrate causes shape change in the channel protein

58
Q

(D Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water throgh a specific water channel protein of through the phospholipid bilayer

59
Q

Prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane (transport)

-ATPase protein, requires ATP to move substances against its electrochemical gradient

A

Active transport

60
Q

moves one substance at a time

A

Uniport

61
Q

Simultaneous movement of 2 substances in opposite directions

A

Antiport

62
Q

2 Substances move together in same direction

A

Symport

63
Q

during transport, the substance is chemically modified

A

Group Translocation

64
Q

liquid portion of cytoplasm, contains ions, protein, ribosomes for portein synthesis and nucleoid

A

Cytosol

65
Q

Plays a role in forming the cells basic shape

A

Cytoskeleton

66
Q

Unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions

A

endospores

67
Q

what are the 7 steps in endospore formation?

A

1) DNA is replicated
2) Cytoplasmic membrane invaginates to form forespore
3) Cytoplasmic membrane grows and engulfs forespore within a second membrane vegetative cells’ DNA disintegrates
4) A cortex of peptidoglycan is deposited between the membranes; meanwhile, dipicolinic acid and calcium ions accumulate within the center of the endospore
5) Spores coat forms around endospores
6) endospore matures; completion of spore coat increase in resistance to heat and chemicals by unknown processes
7) endospore in released from original cell

68
Q

The external structure of archaea:

Function in the formation of biofilms; adhere cells to one another and inanimate objects

A

Gycocalyces

69
Q

consist of basal body, hook, and filament; numerous differences with bacterial flagella (size,aa)

A

Archaea; Flagella

70
Q

many archaea have fimbriae, some make fimbriae-like structures called hami; hook, function to attach archaea to surfaces

A

fimbriae and hami

71
Q

Most archaea have cell walls which ____________, contain varitey of specialized polysaccharides and proteins

A

lack Peptidoglycan

72
Q

All Archaea have cytoplamic membrane

A

Maintain electrical and chemical gradients

control import and export of substances from the cell

73
Q

Absent from eukaryotes with a cell wall

A

glycocalyces

74
Q

the external sructure of eukaryotic cells:

gycocalyces: absent from eukaryotes with a cell wall

A
  • never as organized as prokaryotic capsules
  • help anchor animals cells to each other
  • streghtern cell surfaces
  • provide protection against dehydration
  • function in cell to cell recongnition and communication

Microbiology (26 decks)

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