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Microbiology > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Disorders of the immune system may be result of

A

Over-reacting or under-reacting

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2
Q

An over-reaction of an immune response against a foreign antigen

A

Hypersensitivites

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3
Q

4 types of hypersensitivity

A

Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV

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4
Q

Type I

A

Immediate

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5
Q

Type II

A

Cytotoxic

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6
Q

Type III

A

Immune complex-mediated

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7
Q

Type IV

A

Delayed or cell mediated

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8
Q

Type I (Immediated) Hypersensitivity

A

Localized or systemic

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9
Q

Rwaction that reults from the relaease of inflammatory molecules in response to an antigen

A

Type I (Immediated) Hypersensitivity

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10
Q

Develops within seconds or minutes following exposure to an antigen

A

Type I (Immediated) Hypersensitivity

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11
Q

Commonly called an allergy

A

Type I (Immediated) Hypersensitivity

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12
Q

The antigens that stimulate allergies are called allergen

A

Type I (Immediated) Hypersensitivity

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13
Q

The antigens that stimulate allergies are called

A

Allergen

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14
Q

Mechanisms of a type I hypersensitivity reaction

A

1) Antigen-presenting cell, engulfs allergen, and exposes the atigen to Th2 (type II helper T-cell)
2) Th2 release IL-4 —> B-cell
3) B-cell –> Plasma cell
4) Plasma Cell secretes IgE
5) The Fc portion of IgE bind to mast cells, Basophils and Eosinophills, sensitizing them to subsequent

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15
Q

Subsequent exposure to same alergen binds to IgE on the surface of Mast cells Basophils and Eosinophils These cells release inflammatory chemicals from granules called

A

Degranulation

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16
Q

During degranulation what is released

A 
Histamin 
Kinins
Protease
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
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17
Q

Occurs after cels sensitized

A

Dengranulation

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18
Q

Derived from stem cells in bone marrow, distributed throughout body (______)

A

Mast cells

Not Wbcs

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19
Q

Least numerous wbc, (granular wbc)

A

Basophils

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20
Q

dilates blood vessels, tears, mucous, contractions of smooth muscle (swollen)

A

Histimines

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21
Q

Inflammation

A

Kinins

22
Q

Degrades proteins, activates complement

A

Proteases

23
Q

Inflammation, vascular permeability

A

Leukotrienes

24
Q

Contract and relax smooth muscle

A

Prostaglandins

25
Q

Function primarily for parasitic worms release leukotrines which increase vascular permeability and muscular contraction

A

Eosinophils

26
Q

Clinical signs of localized allergic reactions

A

Localized

27
Q

Site of reaction depends on portal of entry

A

Localized

28
Q

Small inhale allergens may reach lungs and cause _________

A

Asthma

29
Q

COntrisction of bronchi

A

Asthma

30
Q

Some foods contain allergens

A

May cause diarrhea and other gastorintestinal signs and symptoms

31
Q

Local dermatitis may produce ________

A

Urticaris

32
Q

Urticaris

A

raised red areas of skin, itchy b/c histamine affecets nerve endings in area

33
Q

Common allergens

A

Pollen
Dust mites
Spore

34
Q

Clinical signs of systemic allergic reactions

A

Systemic

35
Q

Many mast cells may degranulate at once

A

releasing large amounts of histamine and inflammatory mediators

36
Q

The release of inflammatory mediators may

A

exceed the body’s ability to adjust

37
Q

The release of inflammatory mediators may exceed the body’s ability to adjust may result in

A

acute anaphylaxis or andphylactic shock

38
Q

Clinincal signs of acute anaphylaxs or anaphylactic shock

A

suffoction

39
Q

Diagnosis of type I hypersensitivity based on

A

detection of high levels of IgE against specific allergen

40
Q

Diagnosis of type I sample of blood is taken and mixed with

A

antigen to determine the IgE quantity in blood

41
Q

What type of blood sample is taken in type I hypersensitivity

A

Immunocap specifies IgE blood test

42
Q

Type I

Alternatively, diagnoses can involve using skin test:

A

Inject dilute allergen into skin of forearm observe for any inflammation

43
Q

Prevention of type I hypersensitivity

A

Identification and avoidance of allergens

44
Q

Food allergens identified using an

A

elimination diet

45
Q

Immunotherapy __________ can help prevent allergic reactions

A

“Allergy shots”

46
Q

“allergy shots” administration of a series of injections of

A

dilute allergen

47
Q

Treatment of type I hypersensitivity

A

administer drugs that counteract infammatory mediators

48
Q

.

A

Neutralize histamine

49
Q

Treat asthma with Corticosteroid (counteracts a inflammatory mediator) and a _____________.

A

.

50
Q

________ neutralizes many mechanisms of anaphlaxis

A

.

Microbiology (26 decks)

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