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Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anything that takes up space and has mass

A

Matter

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2
Q

The smallest chemical unit of matter

A

Atoms

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3
Q

Negatively charged subatomic particles circling a nucleus

A

Electrons

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4
Q

Structure containing neutrons and protons

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Uncharged Particles

A

Neutrons

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6
Q

Positively charged particles

A

Protons

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7
Q

Composed of a single type of atom

A

Element

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8
Q

Equal to the number of protons in the nucleus

A

Atomic number

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9
Q

(Atomic Weight): sum of masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons

A

Atomic mass

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10
Q

Atoms of a given element that differ in the number of _________ in their nuclei

A

Neutrons

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11
Q

Releases energy during radioactive decay

A

Unstable isotopes

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12
Q

What is an example of a Unstable isotopes?

A

Carbon 14

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13
Q

In Electron configuration only the ______ of atoms interact, so they determine atoms chemical behavior

A

electrons

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14
Q

How many electrons are in the first shell, which is first?

A

2 electron

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15
Q

How many electrons are in the outer subsequent shells?

A

8 Electrons

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16
Q

Valence electrons are electrons in outer most shell that ________________.

A

interact with other atoms

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17
Q

_________ are satisfied when their outermost shell is full.

A

Atoms

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18
Q

Atoms combine by sharing or transferring valence electrons to satisfy their outer e-shell

A

Chemical bond

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19
Q

two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds (may be the same kind of atom)

A

Molecule

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20
Q

A molecule composed of more than one kind of element

A

Compound

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21
Q

All Compounds are ________ but not all molecules are ________.

A
  • Molecules

- compounds

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22
Q

sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms

A

a covalent bond

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23
Q

an attraction of atom for electron

A

electronegativity

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24
Q

The more _________ an atom, the greater the pull its nucleus experts on electrons

A

electronegativity

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25
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds have _______Charge

A

-NO

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26
Q
  • Shared electrons spend equal amount of time around each nucleus
  • Atoms with similar eletronegativites
  • No poles exist
A

Non-Polar covalent bonds

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27
Q

Contains carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

Organic compounds

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28
Q

Unequal sharing of electrons due to significantly different electronegativities

A

Polar covalent bonds

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29
Q

____________ due to significantly different electronegitities.

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

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30
Q

-Most important polar covalent bonds involve hydrogen

A

Allow for hydrogen bonding

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31
Q

Occur when two atoms with vastly different electronegativities come together.

A

Ionic Bonds

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32
Q

Atoms have either positive (_____) or negative (_____) charges

A
  • Cation

- Anion

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33
Q

Cation and anions attract each other and form _____ bonds (no electrons shared)

A

Ionic bonds

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34
Q

The partially negative portion of H20 attracts to ______

A

Cation

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35
Q

The partially positive portion of H20 attracts to the ______.

A

Anion

36
Q

Water is a ______________

A

-Universal solvant

37
Q
  • Weak forces that combine with polar covalent bonds

- Electrical attraction between partially charged H+ and Full or partial negative charge on same or different molecules

A

Hydrogen Bonds

38
Q

Hydrogen bonds are weaker then covalent bonds but essential for life but many help to ______________.

A

Stabilize 3-D shapes of large molecules

39
Q

The making or breaking of chemical bonds involve _________________.

A

reactants and product

40
Q

__________ involves chemical reactions of living thingss

A

Biochemistry

41
Q
  • Involves the formation of larger, more complex molecules

- Require energy

A

Synthesis reaction

42
Q

Most common type of synthesis reactions is ______________

A

Dehydration sythesis

43
Q

All the sythesis reactions in an organism are called ___________.

A

anabolism-building

44
Q
  • Break bonds within larger molecules to form smaller atoms, ions, and molcules
  • Release energy (exothermic)
  • Most common type is _______
  • water is split, and added to products
A

Decomposition reaction

45
Q

All decomposition reactions in an organism are called

A

Catablosim

46
Q
  • Involve breaking and forming covalent bonds, and involve endothermic and exothermic steps
  • involve atoms moving from one molecule to another
A

Exchange Reactions

47
Q

Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism is called ___________.

A

Metabolism

48
Q

Most abundant substance in organisms

Most of its special characteristics due to two polar covalent bonds

A

Water

49
Q

Water is a _______ molecules - surface tension

A

Cohesive

50
Q

Water is also a excellent ________.

A

Solvent

51
Q

Remains liquid across wide range of temperatures and can absorb significant amounts of energy without changing temperature and can participate in many chemical reactions

A

Water

52
Q

Surface tension can also help cells

A

Stay Stable

53
Q

_______ dissociated by water into components cations and anions

A

Acids and bases

54
Q

_________ dissociates into one or more H+ and one or more anions

A

Acids

55
Q

_______ blinds with H+ when dissolved into water; some dissociated into cations and OH-

A

Base

56
Q

_______ requires relatively constant balance of acids and bases

A

Metabolism

57
Q

________ prevent drastic changes in internal pH

A

Buffers

58
Q

A compound that dissociate in water into cations and anions other than H+ and OH+

A

Salts

59
Q

Cations and anions of salts are _________

A

electrolytes

60
Q

Electrolytes

A
  • Create electrical difference between inside and outside of a cell
  • Transfer electrons from one location to another
  • Form important components of many enzymes
61
Q

Large molecules used to make up cells of all orgaisms

A

Macromolecules

62
Q

Macromolecules include

A
  • Lipids
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • nucleic acid
63
Q

-basic building blocks of macromolecules

A

Monomers

64
Q

Functional groups

A
  • Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms

- A specific arrangement of molecules which have recognizable charateristices

65
Q

Lipids not composed of regular subunits, but are all hydrophoic. include________________

A
  • Fat
  • Phospholipids
  • waxes
  • steriods
66
Q

Contains one long-chain fatty acid covalently linked to long-chain alcohol by ester bond

A

Waxes

67
Q

Waxes are

A

completely insoluble in water; lack hydrophilic head

68
Q

Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
69
Q

Carbohydrates functions

A
  • Long-term storage of chemical energy
  • Ready energy source
  • Part of backbones of nucleic acid
  • convert to amino acids
  • form cell walls
  • Involved in intracellular interactions between animals cells
70
Q

What types of carbohydrates is there

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
71
Q

Delta is ____

Beta is ____

A

Down

Up

72
Q

Proteins

A

are mostly composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

73
Q

Function of a protein

A
  • Structure
  • Enzymatic catalyusis
  • Regulation
  • Transportation
  • Denfese and Offense
74
Q

Monomers that make up proteins

A

Amino acids

75
Q

Most organisms use only ________ in the synthesis of proteins

A

21 amino acids

76
Q

__________ affect how amino acids interact with one another and how a protein interacts with other molecules

A

Side groups

77
Q

A _____________ is formed between amino acids by dehydration synthesis reaction

A

Covalent bond (Peptide bonds)

78
Q

(Nucleic acids ) _______ the genetic material of organisms

A

DNA and RNA

79
Q

______ also acts as enzymes, binds amino acids, and helps form polypeptides

A

RNA

80
Q

_______ monomers of nucleic acid polymers

A

Nucleotides

81
Q

Nucleotides are composed of three types

A

-Phosphate
=Pentose sugars
-One of five cyclic nitrigenous bases

82
Q

Nucleic Acids structure

  • ______ bonds form between C and G
  • ______ bonds form between T and A in DNA pr between U and A in RNA
A
  • Three H

- Two H

83
Q

DNA is ______ in most cells and viruses

A

Double stranded

84
Q

Two strands are _______

A

Complementary

85
Q

Two strands are _______

A

Anti-Parallel

86
Q

Nucleic Acid function

A
  • DNA is genetic material of all organisms and of many viruses
  • Carries instructions for synthesis of RNA and proteins; controls synthesis of all molecules in an organism

Microbiology (26 decks)

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