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Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who began using and making simple microscopes?

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhek

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2
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhek often made a new microscope for each speciemen, examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single-celled protozoa; called

A

Animalcules

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3
Q

By the end of the 19th century, “animalcules” were called

A

Microorganisms

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4
Q

_______ developed a taxonomic system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together.

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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5
Q

Leeuwenhoek’s microorganisms grouped into 6 categories

A
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • algae
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • small mulit-cellular animals
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6
Q

Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • obtain food from other organisms
  • possess cell walls
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7
Q

Fungi include

A
  • molds

- yeast

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8
Q

-Multicellular; grow as long filaments; reproduce by sexual and asexual spores

A

Mold

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9
Q

-Unicellular; reproduce asexually by budding; some produce sexual spores

A

Yeast

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10
Q

Protozoa is a

A

Single celled eukaryotes that live freely in water; some ive in animal hosts

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11
Q

Protozoa repoduce

A

asexual and sexual

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12
Q

Most Protozoas are capable of locomotion by

A
  • pseudopodia
  • cilia
  • flagella
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13
Q

-cell extensions that flow in a direction of travel

A

pseudopodia

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14
Q

-numerous, short, protrusions that propel organisms through the environment

A

cilia

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15
Q

-extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whip-like than cilia

A

Flagella

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16
Q

Algae

A
  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • photosynthetic
  • simple reproductive strucutures
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17
Q

Algae can be categorized on the basis of

A

pigmentation, storage products, and composition of cell walls

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18
Q

Bateria and archaea are unicellular and ________.

A

Lack nuclei (both prokaryotes)

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19
Q

Bateria and archaea are much small than

A

eukaryotes

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20
Q

what two types of microorganisms can be found everywhere there is sufficient moisture; some isolated from extreme environments and reproduce asexually?

A

Bateria and Archaea

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21
Q

-Cell wall contain peptidoglycan; some lack cell walls

A

Bateria

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22
Q

-Cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan

A

Archaea

23
Q

What are the 4 question scientists searched for answers for?

A
  • Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
  • What causes fermentation?
  • How can we prevent infection and disease?
24
Q

Hypotheses proposed living things arose from three processes

A
  • A sexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
  • Nonliving matter
25
Q

Who proposed spontaneous generation?

A

Aristotle

26
Q

What is Spontaneous generation?

A

-Living things can arise from nonliving matter

27
Q

What did Redi find in his experiment?

A
  • when decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed
  • meat exposed to flies was soon infested
  • as a result, scientists began to doubt Aristotle’s theory
28
Q

What experiment was this?

  • Scientists did not believe animals could arise spontaneously, but did believe microbes could
  • experiment with beef gravy and infusions of plant material were boild, then tightly sealed. Days later the vials were cloudy implying microbial life spontaneously generated
A

Needham’s Experiment

29
Q

He concluded that Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill all microbes or had not sealed vials tightly enough

  • microorganisms exit in air and can contaminate vials
  • spontaneous generation of microogranism does not occur
A

Spallanzani

30
Q

Louis Pasteur is considered the _________.

A

The Father of Microbiology

31
Q

Louis Pasteur conducted experiment which ________.

A

disproved spontaneous generation

32
Q

Pasteur’s used “_________” Flask in his experiment.

A

“swan necks” flask

33
Q

-When the “______” flask remained upright, no microbial growth appeared

A

“swan neck:

34
Q

In Pasteur’s experiment when the flask was tilted, dust from the bend in the neck seeped back into the flask and made the_________.

A

infusion cloudy with microbes within a day

35
Q

Debate over spontaneous generation led in part to development of ___________

A

Scientific method

36
Q

Observation leads to _____.
questions generates __________.
Hypothesis is tested through experiment(s)
Results ___ or ____ hypothesis

A
  • Questions
  • hypothesis
  • Experiment
  • suppost oor reject
37
Q

Accepted hypothesis leads to ____/_____

A

Theory/law

38
Q

Fermentation was used to describe ______ from sugar, Formation of _____, purification of meat, and decomposition of waste

A
  • alcohol

- lactic acid

39
Q

Some believe air caused fermentation; others insisted ______________ caused fermentation

A

living organisms

40
Q

Vintners funded research to promote production of alcohol but prevent spoilage during fermentation this lead to ___________.

A

pasteurization and industrial microbiology

41
Q

Pasteur developed

A

germ theory of disease

42
Q

Robert Koch studied causative agents of disease

  • ______
  • Examined _____ of microogranisms
A

Anthrax

-Colonies

43
Q

what are the first four of kochs conteibutions

A

simple straining techniques, first photomicrograph of bacteria, first photomicrograph of bacteria is diseased tissue, techniques for estimating CFU/mL

44
Q

What are the last four of Kochs contributions?

A

use of steam to sterilize media, use of Petri dishes, techniques to transfer bacteria, bacteria as distinct species, and kochs postulates: steps to show causative agents of diseases

45
Q

infection control and epidemiology

A

senmelweisand snow

46
Q

taxonomy

A

linnaeus

47
Q

vaccination and immunology

A

jenner

48
Q

aseptic medical techniques

A

lister & Nightingale

49
Q

chemotherapy

A

Ehrlich

50
Q

microbial morphology, straining microbes

A

gran

51
Q

Who developed the staining technique, using a series of dyes?

A

Han Christian Gram

52
Q

Gram-negative is

A

pink

53
Q

Gam-Postive is

A

Purple

Microbiology (26 decks)

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