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Microbiology > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

disorders of the immune system may be the result of ___ or ___

A

over-reacting, under-reacting

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2
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

an over reaction of an immune respomse against a foreign antigen

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3
Q

the 4 types of hypersensitivity are…

A

I-immediate,
II-cytotoxic,
III-immune-complex mediated,
IV-delayed or cell mediated

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4
Q

Type I(immediate) hypersensitivity:(localized or systemic)

A

Reaction that results from the release of inflammatory molecules in response to an antigen

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5
Q

Type I hypersensitivity is commonly called…

A

an allergy

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6
Q

The antigens that stimulate a type I hypersensitivity are called…

A

allergens

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7
Q

Mechanisms of a type I hypersensitivity reaction are

A

Antigen presenting cell, engulfs allergen, and exfposes the antigen to Th2, Th2 releases IL4 to create B cell which creates plasma cell that secretes IgE. The Fc portion of IgE bind to mast cells, basophils and eosinophils, sensitizing them to subsequent responses.

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8
Q

Subsequent exposure to the same allergen, binds to IgE on the surface of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. these cells release infammatory chemicals from granules…called ___

A

degranulation

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9
Q

Degranulation releases…..

A

histamine,
kinins,
proteases,
leukotrienes, and prostaglandins

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10
Q

Degranulation occurs after ___

A

cells sensitized

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11
Q

Mast cells…

A

derived from stem cells i bone marrow, distributed throughout body (not WBC’s)

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12
Q

Basophils…

A

least numerous wbc, (granular WBC)

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13
Q

Histimine…

A

dialates blood vessels, tears, mucous, contractions ofsmooth muscle(swollen)

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14
Q

Kinins…

A

inflammation

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15
Q

Proteases

A

degrades proteins, activates complement

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16
Q

Leukotrines…

A

inflammation, vascular permeability

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17
Q

Prostglandins…

A

contract smooth muscle

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18
Q

Eosinophils…

A

function primarily for parasitic worms, release leukotrines which increase vascular permeability, and muscular contraction

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19
Q

Clinical signs of localized alleergic reaction:localized

A

Site of reaction depends on portal of entry, small inhaled allergens may reach lungs and cause asthma

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20
Q

Asthma

A

Constriction of bronchi

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21
Q

Some foods contain allergens:

A

May cause diarrhea and other gastrointestinal signs and symptoms

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22
Q

Local dermatitis may produce ___ (hives)

A

urticaria

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23
Q

Urticaria(hives)

A

Raised red areas of skin, itchy b/c histimine affects nerve endings in area

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24
Q

Common allergens:

A

pollen, dust mites, spores

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25
Q

If lots of mast cells degranulate at once releasing large amounts of histramine or inflammatory mediator this could exceed the body’s ability to adjust causing…..

A

Acute anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock

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26
Q

Clinical signs of acute anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock

A

Those of suffocation

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27
Q

Diagnosis of type I hypersensitivity

A

Based on detection of high levels of IgE against specific allergen, sample of blood is taken, and mixed with antigen to determine the IgE quantity in blood.

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28
Q

Immuno CAP specific IgE blood test…

A

Sample of blood is taken, and mixed with antigen to determine the IgE quantity in blood.

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29
Q

Alternative diagnoses can involve using skin tests..

A

Inject dilute allergen into skin of forearm, observe for any inflammation

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30
Q

Prevention of type I hypersensitivity..

A

Identification and avoidance of allergens

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31
Q

Food allergens are identified using an ___

A

elimination diet

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32
Q

Immunotherapy

A

“allergy shots” can help prevent allergic reactions

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33
Q

Antihistamine treatment of type I hypersensititvity

A

is administeration of drugs that counteract inflammatory mediators by neutralizing histamine

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34
Q

threatment of type I hypersensitivity Asthma with a ___(counteracts a inflammatory mediator) and a ___

A

bronchodialator

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35
Q

Epinephrine treatment of type I hypersensitivity …

A

neutralizes many mechanisms of anaphylaxis

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36
Q

what epinephrine does

A

relaxes smooth muscle, reduces vascular permeability(used in emergencyt treatment of allergic reactions

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37
Q

Type II(cytotoxic) hypersensitivity:

A

Results when cells are destroyed by an immune response

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38
Q

Type II hypersensitivity….

A

Often the combined activities of complement and antibodies, A component of many autoimmune diseases

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39
Q

2 examples of Type II

A

Destruction of blood cells following an incompatible blood transfusion, destyruction of fetal red blood cells in hemalytic disease of the newborn.

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40
Q

Blood group antigens:

A

Surface molecules of red blood cells

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41
Q

Each person’s RBC’s have…

A

A antigen, B antigen, both antigens, or neither antigen

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42
Q

Transfusion reaction can result if an individual receives a ___

A

different blood type

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43
Q

Donor’s blood group antigens may stimulate the prodcution of ____

A

antibodies in the recipient that destroy the transfused cells.

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44
Q

If recipient has preexisting antibodies to foreign blood group antigens:

A

immediate destruction of donated blood cells(hemolysis) can occur, hb released in blood stream, kidney damage, clotting and diarrhea

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45
Q

Recipient has no preexisting antibodies to foreign blood group antigens:
Transfused cells intitially circulate and fucntion normally, eventually recipient’s immunme system mounts a primary response against the foreign antigens and destroys them

A

Transfused cells intitially circulate and fucntion normally, eventually recipient’s immunme system mounts a primary response against the foreign antigens and destroys them

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46
Q

Rh antigen:

A

an antigen common to RBC’s of humans and rhesus monkeys

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47
Q

About ___ of humans are Rh positive

A

85%

48
Q

If Rh- woman is carrying an Rh+ fetus, the fetus may ___

A

be at risk of hemolytic disease

49
Q

To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn we …

A

administer anti Rh immunoglobulin, called Rhogam

50
Q

Whem moms blood test are done during pregnancy, if mother is Rh-, she is treated to prevent…

A

hemolytic disease

51
Q

Administration of an anti-Rh immunoglobulin, called __ is performed after childbirth, abortion, or miscarrige to……

A

Rhogam, kill any fetal RBC’s which enter mother’s immune system to prevent immune response

52
Q

Drug induced cytotoxic reactions

A

Some drug molecules can form haptens

53
Q

Haptens

A

Spontaneously bind to blood cells or platelets(acting as an antigen) stimulating the production antibodies

54
Q

Haptens can produce various diseases

A

The cells or platelets that bind with the drugs, can then be destroyed by antibodies and complement proteins causing immune Thrombocytopenic purpura

55
Q

Thrombocytopenic purpura

A

can affect blood clots, WBC’s, and RBC’s

56
Q

Formation of antigens bound to antibodies form ____ which initiate several immunological process in type III hypersensitivity

A

immune complexes

57
Q

These immune complexes are not phagocytized, howecver circulate in blood, and …..

A

travel throughout body

58
Q

Prolonged inflammation can cause …

A

damage to blood vessels

59
Q

can cause a localized reaction in type III

A

hypersensitivity pneumonitis, glomerulonephritis

60
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonotis

A

inhalation of antigens (spores) results in complexes that cause pneumonia in lungs

61
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

immune complexes deposit in glomerulus (vessels in kidney used for filtration) compromising kidney function

62
Q

Can cause systemic reactions in type III

A

systemic lupus erhythematosus, rhematioid arthritis

63
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A

(lupus disease that affects multiple organs. immune system makes antibodies to multiple “self” antigens

64
Q

Rhematioid arthritis

A

B-cells secrete IgM, that binds to IgG, froming complexes, These IgM-IgG complexes deposit in joints, causing inflammation, and destruction of cartilage

65
Q

Type IV(delayed or cell-mediated) hypersensitivity

A

When antigens contact the skin to sensitized individuals, they provoke inflammation 12 to 24 hours after contact

66
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity results from the interactin of

A

Antigens, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T-cells

67
Q

The delay in types IV hpersensitivity reflects the time it takes for macrophagtes and T-cells to

A

Migrate to and proliferate at the site of the antigen

68
Q

The tuberculin response in type IV hypersensitivity

A

Skin exposed to tuberculosis or tuberculosis vaccine reacts to an injection of tuberculin beneath the skin

69
Q

Tuberculin response is used to

A

Diagnose contact with antigens of M.tuberculosis

70
Q

There is ____ response to tuberculin when i ndividual has not been infected or vaccinated

A

No

71
Q

There is a ____ that developse in individuals previously infected or immunized with TUberculin

A

Red hard swelling

72
Q

Allergic contact dermatitis with type IV

A

Cell-mediated immune response resulting in an intesely irratating skin rash

73
Q

The allergic contact dermatitis is triggered by

A

Chemically modified skin proteins that the boyd regards as foreign

74
Q

In severe cases of allergic contact dermatitis

A

Acellular fluid-filled blisters develop

75
Q

Haptens include the

A

Oild or poision ivy
formaldehyde
cosmetics
chemicals used to produce latex

76
Q

Allergic contact Dermatitis can be treated with

A

Corticosteroids

77
Q

Graft rejection in type IV

A

rejection of tissues or organs that have been transplanted

78
Q

In graft refection a normal immune respose against

A

Foreign MHC proteins present on graft cells

79
Q

Likeihood of graft rejection depends on the

A

Degree to which the graft is foreign to the recipient (based on the type of graft)

80
Q

Isograft

A

Genetically identical (sibiling or clone)

81
Q

Allograft

A

Genetically different (member of same species)

82
Q

Xenograft

A

Animals

83
Q

Graft-verus-host disease

A

Donated bone marrow cells regard the patient’s cells as foregin

84
Q

Donor and recipient differ in MHC class I molecules

A

Grafted T-cells attach recipient’s tissue

85
Q

_____ can stop graft-versus-host disease

A

Immunosuppressive drugs

86
Q

Donor-recipient matching and tissue typing

A

MHC compativility between donor and recipient difficult due to a high degree of bariability

87
Q

Degree of variability

A

the more closely the doner and recipient are relate, the smaller the difference in their MHC

88
Q

Preferable the grafts are donated by a ___ or ___

A

Parent

Sibiling

89
Q

The actions of immunosupressive drug

A

imporatn to success of modern transplantation

90
Q

Classed of immunosupressice drug

A

Glucocoriticoids
Cytotoxic drugs
cyclosporine
lymphocytedepleting therapies

91
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

(Corticosteroids)
Steroids
supress T-cell to antigen

92
Q

Cytotoxic drugs

A

Block cellular reproduction (prevents clonal expansion of B-cells and T-cells)

93
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Prevents production of interleukins blocking helper T-cell responses

94
Q

Lymphocyte-depleting therapies

A

Antiserum against lyphocytes

95
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

May result when an indiviual begins to make autoantibodies or cytotoxic T-cells against normal body cells

96
Q

Autoimmune diseases occur more often in

A

the elderly

97
Q

Autoimmune disease are more common in

A

men than women

98
Q

All autoimmune disorders are categorized into 2 major categories

A

Systemic autoimmune diseases, single-organ autoimmune diseases

99
Q

Single-organ autoimmune diseases

A

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, type I diabetes mellitus graves disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis

100
Q

Autoimmun hemolytic anemia

A

Produce antibodes against own RBCs

101
Q

Type I diabetes mellitus

A

Immune attack on islets of angerhans, dont produce insulin (affects endocrine)

102
Q

Grave disease

A

Autoimmune disorder on the thyroid gland (Affects endocrine)

103
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Cell mediated response results in attack or degeneration of myelin sheaths of nervous system

104
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Complexes in joints affect connective tissue

105
Q

Conditions resulting from defective immune mechanisms (2 types)

A

Primar

Acquired

106
Q

Primary

A

results from some genetic or developmental defect (develops in infants and young children)

107
Q

Example of primary conditions

A

Chronic granulomatous disease
Sever conbined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
Digeorge syndrome
Brutontype agammaglobulinemia

108
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease

A

Inability of phagocytes to destroy bacter susceptible to infection

109
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

A

Dont develop lymphoid stem cells, B-cells nor T-cells not produced and cannot mount an immune response

110
Q

DiGeorge syndrome

A

T-cell deficiencies (thymus doesnt develop)

111
Q

Bruton-type agammaglobulinmia

A

B-cell deficiencies

cannot make immunoglobulins

112
Q

Acquired

A

Develop as direct consequence of some other recognized cause (develop in later lif, number of causes)

113
Q

Reasons we acquire immunodeficiency diseases

A

severe stress
malnutrition and environmental
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

114
Q

Severe stress

A

suppression of cell-mediated immunity results from an excess production of coricosteroids

115
Q

Malnutrition and environmental facors

A

Inhibit production of B-cells and T-cells

116
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

Opportunistic infection
Low CD4 cells
Presence HIV

Microbiology (26 decks)

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