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Microbiology > Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Symbiosis means

A

To live together

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2
Q

We have symbiotic relationships with countless

A

Microorganism

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3
Q

Resident Microbiota

A

Part of microbiota for life

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4
Q

Transient Microbiota

A

Remain in body for hours; but can not persist in the body

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5
Q

Why cant Transient Microbiota persist in the body

A

Competition from other microbiota

Elimination by the bodys defense cells

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6
Q

What is an example of the bodies defense system

A

WBC

Chemical or physical change in the body

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7
Q

Axenic environment

A

Development in womb, free of microorgansim

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8
Q

When do microbiota begin to develop

A

During birthing process

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9
Q

Much of ones resident microbiota established during the

A

first month of life

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10
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Normal microbiota that cause diseases under certain circumstances

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11
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

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12
Q

Condition that provide opportunities for pathogens

A
  • Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in body
  • Immune suppression
  • Changes in the normal microbiota
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13
Q

Changes in relative abundance may allow opportunity for a member

A

to thrive and causes disease

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14
Q

Most _________ cannot survive long outside of their host

A

Pathogens

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15
Q

Reservoirs of Infection

A

Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

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16
Q

Three types of reservoirs

A
  • Animal reservoirs
  • Human carries
  • Nonliving reservoir
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17
Q

Zoonoses

A

Diseases naturally spread from animals host to humans

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18
Q

Acquire zoonoses through various routes

A
  • Direct contact with animals or its waste
  • Eating animals
  • Bloodsucking arthropods
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19
Q

Humans are usually dead-end host to

A

Zoonotic

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20
Q

Infected individuals who are asymptomatic but

A

Infective to other

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21
Q

Some individuals eventually develop illness while others never get sick while

A

Healthy carriers may have defensive systems that protect them

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22
Q

_______________ can be reservoirs of infection

A

Soil water, and food

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23
Q

Presence of microorganisms often due to contamination by ______________.

A

Feces or urine

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24
Q

Exposure to Microbes

A

Contamination and infection

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25
Q

Contamination

A

The mere presence of microbes in or on the body

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26
Q

Infection

A

When organism evades body’s external defenses, multiplies and becomes established in the body

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27
Q

Portals of Entry

A

Sites through which pathogens enter the body

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28
Q

Four major pathways (portals of entry)

A

Skin
Mucous Membrane
Placenta
Parenteral route

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29
Q

Skin

A

Outer layer of dead skin cells acts as a barrier to pathogens

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30
Q

Some pathogens can enter through

A

Opening or cuts

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31
Q

Others enter by burrowing into or

A

Digesting out layer of skin

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32
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line the body cavities that are open to the environment

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33
Q

Provide a moist, warm environment hospitable to pathogens

A

Mucous membranes

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34
Q

_______________ is the most common site of entry

A

Respiratory tract

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35
Q

respiratory tract is the common site of entry entry is though the

A

Nose,
Mouth
Eye

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36
Q

______________ may be route of entry but must survie the _____pH of the stomach

A

Gastrointestinal tract

Acidic

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37
Q

Placenta

A

Ephemeral organ, delivers nutrients to fetus, carries wastes away

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38
Q

Typically forms effective barrier to pathogens

A

Placenta

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39
Q

Pathogens may cross the placenta and infect the _____.

A

Fetus

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40
Q

Spontaneous abortion, birth defects, premature death is caused by

A

Pathogens crossing the placenta and infect the fetus

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41
Q

Parenteral route

A

Not a true portal of entry

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42
Q

Parenteral route; not a true portal of entry….

A

means by which the portal of entry can be circumvented

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43
Q

Pathogens deposited directly into tissues beneath the

A

Skin or mucous membranes

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44
Q

The role of adhesion in infection

A

Process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells

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45
Q

Uses adhesion factors

A

specialized structures

attachment proteins

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46
Q

Specialized structures

A

Adhesion disks, suckers, hooks

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47
Q

Attachment proteins

A

Ligands (Adhesions)

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48
Q

Binding of ligand and receptor may

A

determine specificty

49
Q

Attachment proteins help in

A

Adhesion

50
Q

Found on viruses and many bacteria

A

Attachment proteins

51
Q

Viral or bacterial ligands bind host cell receptors

A

Interaction can determine host cells specificity

52
Q

______________ a ligand or its receptor can prevent infection

A

Changing/blocking

53
Q

Inability to make attachment proteins or adhesins renders microorganisms

A

avirulent

54
Q

other bacterial pathogens attach to each other to form a

A

Biofilm

55
Q

Is the invasion of the host by a pathogen

A

Infection

56
Q

results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions

A

Disease

57
Q

Disease is also referred to as

A

Morbidity

58
Q

Symptoms, signs, and syndromes

A

Manifestation of disease

59
Q

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

A

Symptoms

60
Q

Objective manifestation of disease observed or measured by others

A

Signs

61
Q

Symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition

A

Syndromes

62
Q

Infections lack symptoms but may still have signs of infection

A

Asymptomatic, or subclinical

63
Q

Causation of disease

A

Etiology

64
Q

Disease caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms

A

Germ theory of disease

65
Q

Robert Koch developed a set of postulates one must satisfy to prove a

A

Particular pathogen causes a particular disease

66
Q

Difficulties in satisfying Koch’s postulates diseases can be caused by

A

more then one pathogen

67
Q

Difficulties in satisfying Koch’s postulates pathogens that are ignored

A

as potential causes of disease

68
Q

Ability of a microorganism to cause disease

A

Pathogenicity

69
Q

Degree of pathogenicity (Ease of infection)

A

Virulence

70
Q

Virulence factors (Contribute to virulence)

A 
Adhesion factors
Biofilms 
Extracellular enzymes
toxins
Antiphagocytic factor
71
Q

___________ secreted by the pathogen

A

Extracellular enzymes

72
Q
  • Dissolve structural chemicals in the body

- Help pathogen maintain infection, invade, and avoid body defenses

A

Extracellular enzymes

73
Q

Hyaluronidase and Collagenase

A

-Invasive bacteria reach epithelial surface
-Bacteria produce hyaluronidase and collagenase
-Bacteria invade deeper tissues
(Extracellular enzymes)

74
Q

Coagulase and Kinase

A
  • Bacteria produce coagulase
  • Clot forms
  • Bacteria later produce kinase, dissolving clot and release bacteria
75
Q

Chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage

A

Toxins

76
Q

refers to toxins in the bloodstream that are carried beyond the site of infection

A

Toxemia

77
Q

Cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins

A

Exotoxins

78
Q

Lipid A

A

Endotoxins

79
Q

Composed of chemicals not recognized as foreign

A

Bacterial capsule

80
Q

Slippery; difficult for phagocytes to engulf bacteria- Invade phagocytes

A

Bacteria capsule

81
Q

Prevent fusion of lysosome and phagocytic vesicles

-Leukocidins directly destroy phagocytic white blood cells

A

Antiphagocytic chemicals

82
Q

Bacteria secret exotoxins, in this case a cytotoxins

-Cytotoxin kills host’s cells

A

Exotoxin (Toxins)

83
Q

Dead gram-negative bacter release endotoxin (lipid A) which induces effects such as fever, inflammation, diarrhea, shock, and blood coagulation

A

Endotoxins

84
Q

The _________ occurs following infection

A

Disease process

85
Q

Many infectious diseases have ___ stages following infection

A

5

86
Q

What are the five stages following infection

A
  • Incubation Period
  • Prodromal period
  • Illness
  • Decline
  • Convalescence
87
Q

Incubation period

A

No signs or symptoms

88
Q

Prodromal Period

A

Vague; general symptoms

89
Q

Illness

A

Most severe signs and symptoms

90
Q

Decline

A

Declining signs and symptoms

91
Q

Convalescence

A

No signs or symptoms

92
Q

Pathogens leave host through portals of

A

Exits

93
Q

Many portals of exit are the

A

Same as portals of entry

94
Q

Pathogens often leave hots in materials the body

A

Secretes or excretes

95
Q

Is from a reservoir or a portal of exit to another’s portal of entry

A

Transmission

96
Q

3 groups of transmission

A

Contact Transmission
Vehicle Transmission
Vector Transmission

97
Q

Direct, indirect or droplet

A

Contact Transmission

98
Q

Airborne, waterborne or foodborne

A

Vehicle Transmission

99
Q

Biological or mechanical

A

Vector Transmission

100
Q

Diseases can be classified in number of ways

A
  • The body system they affect
  • Taxonomic categories
  • Their longevity and severity
  • How they spread to host
  • The effects they have on populations (rather then on individuals)
101
Q

Develops rapidly, lasts a short time

A

Acute disease

102
Q

Chronic disease

A

Develops slowly, continual or recurrent

103
Q

in-between chronic and acute

A

Subacute disease

104
Q

Pathogen remains un-active for long duration

A

Latent disease

105
Q

Disease is spread by another infected host directly or indirectly

A

Communicable

106
Q

Communicable diseases that spread easily

A

Contagious

107
Q

A disease that does not come from a host

A

nonCommunicable

108
Q

Study of where and when diseases occur, and how they are transmitted

A

Epidemiology

109
Q

Occurrence of diseases tracked using 2 measures

A

Incidence

Prevalence

110
Q

Number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time

A

Incidence

111
Q

Number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time

A

Prevalence

112
Q

Occurrence also evaluated in terms of

A

Frequency and geographic distribution

113
Q

Infection aquired at a health care facility

A

Nosocomial infection

114
Q

Types of nosocomial infections

A

Exogenous

Endogenous

115
Q

Pathogen acquired from the health care setting

A

Exogenous

116
Q

Pathogen arises from normal microbiota due to factors within the health care setting

A

Endogenous

117
Q

Results from modern medical procedures

A

Latrogenic

118
Q

Control of nosocomial infections

A
  • Precautions designed to reduce factors that result in disease
  • Hand washing is the most effective way to reduce nosocomial infections

Microbiology (26 decks)

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