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AP EURO > The Protestant Reformation > Flashcards

The Protestant Reformation Flashcards

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1
Q

What drove the poor to hate the 16th century church

A

the prominent displays of wealth

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2
Q

What class were church officials in

A

the noble class

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3
Q

What happens to the sons of nobles

A
  • first son gets everything
  • second goes into military
  • last gets into church
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4
Q

Why does the middle class resent the church in the 16th century

A

they think of them in the feudal system

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5
Q

Why do the monarchs envy the church in 16th century

A

envy of power

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6
Q

What describes the clerks at the times of luther

A

the clerks were uneducated and could not read the bible

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7
Q

What was the problem of leadership in church

A

people had multiple places of ruling

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8
Q

Why does the reformation start in the HRE

A
  • long history of rulers
  • strong centralized monarch struggled against these rulers
  • rulers empathized with Luther and supported them
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9
Q

What type of priest was Luther

A

Fryer

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10
Q

what type of degree did luther have

A

professor of theology at Wittenburg

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11
Q

where was luther from

A

he was from Saxonies

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12
Q

What causes luther to post the 95

A

Friar Tetzel selling indulgences

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13
Q

what is the 95 theses

A

95 arguments against selling indulgences

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14
Q

why is luther arrogant

A

the pope is not against indulgences

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15
Q

where did luther post his 95 theses?

A

On the door of the All Saints Church in Wittenberg

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16
Q

When did Luther post his 95 Theses?

A

1517

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17
Q

who was the 95 theses addressed to

A

pope

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18
Q

what were luthers only 2 options according to the pope

A

He said that Luther needs to recont or become excomunicated

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19
Q

what was luthers second doctrine

A

Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation

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20
Q

What is odd about the second doctrine of luther in regards to the name

A

addressed to the nobility, trying to win them over also addressed to the non existent german nations, appeals to nationalism that nobles wanted

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21
Q

what did luther remark as the first papal claim

A

the false claim of the pope being the political ruler of Germany

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22
Q

What was the underlying message of the first papal claim

A

the corruptness made them the political ruler, the church should not be in politics

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23
Q

what was the second papal claim according to luther

A

The popes claim they are the only ones who can interpret the bible

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24
Q

What was the third papal claim

A

only one that can call general church council is the pope

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25
Q

What is wrong with the third papal claim

A

That is the only way to change anything with the church and if the pope is in charge of that then it will not change

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26
Q

What is the third doctrine of Luther

A

On the Babylonian captivity of the church

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27
Q

What documents started the protestant church

A

On the Babylonian captivity of the church was the beginning and Confession of Augsburg was the groundwork

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28
Q

what was the main point of the third doctrine

A

Cannot find a biblical basis for 7 sacraments of catholic church, only 2

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29
Q

Which doctrine talked about class and what did it say

A

On the Babylonian captivity of the church recalled the separate priestly class in favor of priesthood of all believers

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30
Q

What is the 4th doctirne of luther

A

Confession of Augsburg

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31
Q

What was the point of the 4th doctrine

A

Confession is caused by faith alone

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32
Q

If confession is caused by faith alone, why do good works?

A

to prove your faith

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33
Q

What idea of authority did the 4th doctrine say

A

The bible was the ultimate spiritual authority

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34
Q

What was did the claim on the 4th doctrine about authority disprove

A
  • not the papacy
  • no need for saints pilgrimage and rituals
  • no need for clergy to go between for man and god
  • no need for Monasticism and clerical celibacy
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35
Q

In which doctrine Luther denied the idea of transubstantiation

A

4th Confession of Augsburg

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36
Q

What did the doctrines of luther do to effect the lower class

A

revolt against church led to massive peasant revolt, 50-60 thousand peasants killed by knights

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37
Q

Why did luther have to be born where he was

A

Charles V was ordered to kill him but he did not because he lived in Saxony and the head of the state of saxony was the uncle of Charles and did not want to give up him and was also a elector, this made it impossible for him to be captured by Chalres

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38
Q

Who is the leader of Saxony

A

Frederick the Elector of Saxony

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39
Q

What family was Frederick the Elector of Saxony

A

hapsburg

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40
Q

what family was Charles V

A

hapsburg

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41
Q

What are the reasons that luther did not lose?

A

born in saxony , Printing press , vernacular, Charles was distracted because of wars , appealed to german nationalism

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42
Q

What class did Luther have to have majority in to win?

A

Nobles

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43
Q

Why did the nobles like the ideas of luther

A

they could not be excommunicated, they could take the land of the church and also get out of the holy roman empire rules

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44
Q

What was luthers 5th doctrine

A

Against the murdering and raping peasant mobs

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45
Q

What did Luthers 5th doctrine say

A

Denounced the peasant revolt of 1524-5 that eventually killed 70k

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46
Q

What were the ideas of the lutheran church

A

obviously protestant but also social conservative

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47
Q

who liked the lutherian church

A

upper class because of social conservativeness

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48
Q

What was the other main protestant church at the time

A

Anabaptist (2nd day baptist)

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49
Q

Main difference between anabaptist and the lutherans

A

anabaptist were extreme anti catholics

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50
Q

What was created in the break of the protestant revolt in order to protect protestants

A

Protestants took church land and made the League of Shmalkaldan to protect themselves from Charles V and Catholics

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51
Q

Who aided the protestants

A

Francis I of France

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52
Q

why is it weird that france aided the protestants

A

they are catholics but they just want to cause disruption in HRE

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53
Q

When was the war of the Protestants vs Catholics in HRE

A

1546-1555

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54
Q

What ended the war of Protestants and Catholics in HRE

A

peace of Augsburg

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55
Q

What did the peace of Augsburg say?

A

each ruler can choose own religon but only 2 options

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56
Q

what were the 2 options of peace of Augsburg?

A

catholic or lutheran

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57
Q

What is the historical significance of the peace of Augsburg

A

1st legal recognition of non catholic church

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58
Q

what is special about Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation

A

first time “german nation was used”, united the people and helped them realize italians shouldnt be ruling germans “throw off chains of a foreign ruler”

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59
Q

What leads to the peace of Augsburg (1555)?

A

First Schmalkaldic War 1546-1555

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60
Q

What was the response to the new sort of protestant churchs besides lutheran

A

they quickly took over majority

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61
Q

Who started Reformed Tradition Church

A

started by Ulrich Zwingli

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62
Q

Ulrich Zwingli before the break off did what?

A

catholic priest and denied that he had special powers

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63
Q

What 3 languages did the swiss speak

A
  • North swiss speak german
  • Middle speak french
  • South speak italian
64
Q

What was the main difference between the new Protestants vs Lutherans

A

wayy more radical

65
Q

What items did the new churchs not like

A

no rituals, sacraments altars stained glass windows or images of saints, against robes

66
Q

what did luther think of Ulrich Zwingli

A

Luther met with him but luther thought he was too radical

67
Q

Who took over afterUlrich? and when

A

John Calvin 1531

68
Q

what is john calvins real name

A

Jean Chauvin real name

69
Q

Popularity of Calvanism

A
  • spread very quickly
    • lower class and middle class
70
Q

What was the founding doctrine of the Calvanism church

A

Institutes of the Christian Religion by Calvin in 1536

71
Q

Where was the headquarters of calvanism

A

Headquareters in Geneva and established a theocracy

72
Q

Who was the head of the calvanist church

A

there was no head

73
Q

What were the main differences between calvanism and lutherian

A

If there was no biblical basis for the idea, it was not in the church

74
Q

What did luther find ridiculous about the church

A

they abolished Christmas and Easter, music and candles and they were all local churches

75
Q

Which of the three churches have bishops

A

luther and catholic

76
Q

What is the main difference between calvins and lutheran in theology terms

A

Central doctrine is predestination for calvins

77
Q

what do calvins say about predestination

A
  • Central doctrine is predestination
    • Calvinist say that you are part of the elect and they will act in a moral way
    • Out moral each other to prove to themselves they are part of the elect
78
Q

What were protestants named in Switzerland

A

Calvinist

79
Q

What were protestants named in England

A

Puritans and sepratist

80
Q

What were protestants named in scottland

A

presbyterians

81
Q

What were protestants named in France

A

Huguenots

82
Q

What were protestants named in Denmark

A

Germand or Dutch Reformed

83
Q

What denom was the most radical

A

Anabaptist

84
Q

What was the main cause of Anabaptist

A
  • believed social reforms
  • believes in adult baptism
  • all individuals can interpret the bible for themselves
85
Q

who believes in seperation between church and state

A

anabaptist

86
Q

other more common names for anabaptist

A

baptist AQM amish quakers and mininites

87
Q

What was the problem with catholics reforming

A

problem with reform was that the church viewed reformers as rebels or heretics

88
Q

how did the HRE respond to the conversion of people

A

Charles V urged popes to call general church council to fix abuses that luther was using to convert people

89
Q

What did the pope respond to Charles V request

A

denied it because he could lose power

90
Q

Who and when was the first reforming pope

A

Pope Paul III 1534-49

91
Q

What did the first reforming pope do

A

apoint educated clergy to the college of cardinals
created the society of Jesus or jesuits

92
Q

Who were the jesuits

A
  • catholic storm troopers
  • all across europe to combat protestants
93
Q

who headed the jesuits

A

headed by Ignatius Loyola

94
Q

When and where was the church council that discussed the protestant reformation

A

Council of Trent 1545

95
Q

What was the main problem with the council of trent

A

The council of Trent was too late to make any difference

96
Q

What did the clergy disagree upon at the council of trent

A

the italian clergy thought that the church was not centeralized enough and the non italian clergy thought the opposite

97
Q

what was the emphasis on at the council of clergy

A

too much emphasis on the persecution of the heretics not enough on reformation

98
Q

what came out of the council of clergy

A

ended absenteeism, pluralism and abuses of indulegences

99
Q

What did the popes do to the jews in light of the Protestant reformation

A

He said if they are not with us they are against us and put them in ghettos

100
Q

What limitations did jews have following the protestant reformation

A

they could not own land or have servants that were chirstans, they also could not teach

101
Q

What did luther think the jews would do

A

He expected them to convert to Lutherism

102
Q

what did luther do when the jews did not do what he thought

A

Luther urged German princes to expel them and burn all their books

103
Q

what did the jews do in remark of the lutherian comments

A

fled to poland because of the religous tolerance

104
Q

What was the choice that the rulers of europe at the time of religous wars have to make

A

Rulers had to decide to champion religious calls of put politics over religion

105
Q

What was it called when a ruler chose to put politics over religon and who was a example of this

A
  • politques
  • Elizabeth I
106
Q

examples of people who put the church over politics

A

Mary I
Philip I of spain
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweeden
Oliver Cromwell

107
Q

What family is Henry the 8th

A

Tudor

108
Q

Who was Henry the 8th og married to

A

Catherine of Aragon

109
Q

Where was Catherine of Aragon from

A

Spain

110
Q

What was Catherine of Aragons religon

A

Catholic

111
Q

Who did henry first go to in order to get a divorse

A

Cardinal Wolse

112
Q

What happened when Cardinal Wolse asked the pope for a divorse

A

he denied him because the wifes aunt was part of the HRE and didnt want to split that

113
Q

Who was the second person that gave advice to Henry

A

Thomas Cromwell

114
Q

What did Thomas Cromwell say

A

Henry should start a new church so they could divorce

115
Q

Who was henrys second wife

A

Ann Bolin

116
Q

what is the name of the daugther from henrys second wife

A

Elizabeth

117
Q

Who was Henrys first boy

A

Edward VI

118
Q

Who came after Edward VI and when

A

Bloody Mary 1553-1558

119
Q

What did Bloody mary do as queen

A

wanted to bring back the catholic church and kill the protestants

120
Q

Who comes after Bloody mary and when

A

Elizabeth rules for 1558-1603

121
Q

What does Elizabeth do as queen

A

solidifes the C of E

122
Q

What allows king henry to dispand from the pope

A

Act of Supremacy 1534

123
Q

How does the king get the Act of Supremecy passed in 1534

A
  • He bribes the Parliament with church land that would be available from splitting
  • He also threats them
124
Q

What church did henry create

A

The church of England aka Anglican church aka Episcopalian

125
Q

What was the foundation of the church of england

A

6 articles created by the ministers of Henry

126
Q

How was the church of England different from catholics

A

same service but the only change was replacing pope with henry

127
Q

Who did Henry have executed after he preached against the church of england

A

Thomas More

128
Q

What resulted from the religous and political impact of the HRE

A

there was no unified germany until 1871

129
Q

Why was the protestant work ethic better than catholics

A

less holidays

129
Q

What was the spanish economy post Protestant reformation

A

in the dump from executing the lower and middle class

130
Q

what was the european exploration pre 15th century

A

limited to the mediteranian except the vikings who went to iceland greenland and canada

131
Q

What caused the great inovation in ship desgins that led to the ability to use boats better

A

the crusades made it neccesary to increase boat production

132
Q

What increases the knowledge of navigation that allows for exploration

A

the compas from asia from the crusades

133
Q

who could fund the expeditions to the new lands

A

only new nation states

134
Q

what was the main incentive to sail east

A

spice trade meant direct route to east was necessary to undercut Italians and ottomans who had the trade lines

135
Q

What were the 4 main motivators of colony aquisition

A

desire for new trade routes, adventure and glory, land before other countries have it and religous missionaries

136
Q

What 2 reasons did protugese have the lead when it came with expedition

A

Geography and Prince Henrys facination with sailing

137
Q

What allowed Portugeese to start the Euro African Slave trade

A

trade relations with west african rulers whilst also forts and trading post

138
Q

Who and when rounded the cape of good hope first

A

1487 with Diaz

139
Q

Who was the first to cross indian ocean to east indies

A

Da Gama

140
Q

What resulted from the trade route from portugal to east indies

A

a drop in population in city states, in 1504 spice in lisbon cost 1/5 of spice in venice, and inflation

141
Q

Who discovers Brazil and how

A

Cabral gets caught in a storm and discovers Brazil in 1500

142
Q

Who claimed carribeans and for whom

A

Columbus claims Caribbean for spain

143
Q

Where did magellen land and die

A

Phillipinos

144
Q

Who beat the aztecs to death and with what

A

Cortez beat the aztecs with 600 men against 100000 in 1519

145
Q

What allowed cortez to beat the aztecs

A

Guns, horses, Quetzalcoatl revenge

146
Q

Who beat incas

A

Pizzaro

147
Q

What does this exploration do to the economy of spain

A

inflates it like crazy

148
Q

Treat of Todesillas idea

A

pope drew a line signifying who got what

149
Q

Who felt like they got the good plot of land in Treaty of Todeslillas vs who actually got it

A

Portugal and Spain

150
Q

What is funded with the gold of spain and who did it

A

Prince Philip of spain used the funding to fund the cournter reformation against the protestants

151
Q

What do the Dutch take and with whom

A

Henry Hudson takes Manhattan island and names is new Amsterdam

152
Q

Who owns the east indies

A

Dutch, the dutch east indies comp

153
Q

Who sailes for the eng and what do they take

A

John cabbott, an italian claims all the 13 colonies basically

154
Q

What do the french take

A

only canada is left and ohio valley

AP EURO (20 decks)

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