The Nervous and the Endocrine System Flashcards
now to begin lightly
have a look at showbie
look for the human nervous system diagram
and memorise it
good fuckin luck
Can u talk abt the brain pls in the central nervous system
Main job is to ensure that life is maintained
Many parts of brain, some of which are concerned with vital funcitoning and others which are involved in processes such as problem solving and higher order thinking
Now pls talk abt the spinal cord
iM shY
Facilitates the transferral of messages to and from the brain to the PNS (peripheral nervous system)
Also involved in reflex actions
alr i decided to be nice n right out the nervous system 4 u
ur fuckin welco0me BE GRATEFUL N GIMME DEM KIDNEYS
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
-CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM = BRAIN, SPINAL CORD
-PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM = SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM = SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
now if that still doesnt make sense look up a fuckin diagram idgaf
also i love u and i cherish u
but fuck off
Now pls talk abt the PNS
NOT MA PMS HOW DARE U U KNOW I WANT BREAD
Transmits messages via millions of neurons (nerve cells), to and from CNS
What is the PNS sub-divided into
-Somatic nervous system (SNS)
-Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Now talk abt the somatic nervous system (SNS) u lil shit
Part of PNS that is responsible for carrying sensory and motor info to and from spinal cord
What is the SNS made up of
Made up of 12 pairs of cranial nerves from brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves from spinal cord and all of their branches
Time for the autonomic nervous system (ANS) pleaseee
yes ive decided to take the nice approach now
Governs vital functions in body such as breathing, heart rate, digestion, sexual arousal and stress responses (fight-or-flight)
YH FIGHT ME BITCHES ARHHH I AINT RUNNING I AINT NO BITCH
ive decided the nice approach does not work
it is not sustainable
What has defecation got to do w fight or flight
Fun fact from Miss Airs
When u in fight or flight u will often piss or shit cos ur body needs to b as light as possible to fight or run
Thats why when u rlly scared u embarrass the fuck out of urself <3
Differences between fight-or-flight and rest-and-digest
FOF = generally prepares body to expend energy for FOF
RAD = generally, maintains and conserves body energy and functions
Name some shit what happens to your gut, heart, eye and lungs (some organs ig) in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
hint: they oppose
GUT, SNS = slows digestion, PSNS = increases digestion
HEART, SNS = increases heart rate, PSNS = decreases heart rate
EYE, SNS = dilates pupils, PSNS = constricts pupils
LUNGS, SNS = dilates bronchi, PSNS = constricts bronchi
What part of the nervous system signals fight or flight
Sympathetic nervous system
What is a gland
Organ in the body that synthesises substances such as hormones
What is homeostasis u lil bio expert
The maintenance of a constant internal environment within the body
What is the endocrine system
One of the body’s major info systems that instructs glands to slowly release hormones directly into the bloodstream
What are hormones
Chemical substances that circulate in the bloodstream, their effects on behaviour can be very powerful
What is the pituitary gland also knows as
Master gland
What do adrenal glands do
Release adrenaline directly into bloodstream
Prepares body for fight or flight by constricting blood vessels to stomach
Inhibits digestion and increases heart rate
What do pineal glands do
ha
penial
pEniSS
Produces and secretes hormone melatonin
Which regulates biological rhythms such as sleep and wake cycles
Talk about the thyroid gland pls
Produces hormones that regulate the body’s metabolic rate As well as:
-Heart and digestive function
-Muscle control
-Brain development
-Mood
Tell me abt testes
do it
slowly
Facilitates release of male hormones
Testosterone
ik boring
but say it slowly
Talk about ovaries
NOW
Facilitates release of female hormones oestrogen and progesterone
now if i was listening correctly
jumanji is her sister
Where is pituitary gland
Base of the brain
What control the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Which part of the pituitary gland releases ACTH as a response to stress
Anterior
ACTH stimulates which glands to produce which hormone
Adrenal glands
Cortisol
What does the posterior pituitary release which is important in childbirth
Oxytocin
Labour and delivery and lactation
Feel less pain and fall in love w baby
terrifying
Where are the adrenal glands
Top of each kidney
What is the outer part of the adrenal called
Adrenal cortex
What is the inner part of the adrenal gland called
Adrenal medulla
What does a low level of cortisol lead to
Fatigue
Dizziness
Weight loss
Muscle weakness
Mood changes
Darkening regions of the skin - sounds a tad racially motivated to me
What 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla produce and what does each of those hormones do in a stressful situation
Adrenaline - fight or flight
Noradrenaline - released b4 adrenaline to help start FOF
Which cells do hormones affect?
Target cells
u guessed it
i just wanna take a moment to apologise for the biological overload that u r probably used to that elishka is probably very slow at
so pls continue to b patient w her
girlie is trying her best
What do ovaries produce
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Eggs
What hormone is produced by the testes
Testosterone
Now describe how ur body gets ready from hypothalamus when u stressed
TEARS
nah
Hypothalamus
Stimulates adrenal medulla…Stimulates pitui. to release ACTH
Releases adrenaline…Stimulates adrenal cortex
Gets ready for FOF…Releases cortisol
Physiological reactions,e.g.heart rate…Liver releases energy and immune system is suppressed
now if that diagram doesnt make sense
look at showbie diagram u ungrateful lil shits
What is a -ve evaluation of the endocrine and nervous system regarding gender bias (beta-bias)
Gender differences in how males and females respond to stress
Taylor et al 2000 = found that men usually react to stress with a ‘fight or flight’ but women may show a ‘tend and befriend’ response
Oxytocin (secreted in both men and women) as a response to stress has been shown to make people less anxious and more sociable
However, male hormones reduce the effects of oxytocin but female hormone oestrogen amplifies it
Therefore men are more vulnerable to adverse health effects of stress and more likely to develop stress related disorders (hypertension and CHD)
In contrast, women are more likely to ‘tend and befriend’ and this may protect women against stress and this may explain why women live on average 7.5 yrs longer than men
thank fuck
What is another negative evaluation of this to do with reductionism
Second weakness of physiological approach to stress is that its reductionist
A person’s response depends on a number of different factors
These include the types of stressor involved, and the way the person interprets (cognitively) the threat
This suggests that this approach may present an oversimplified explanation
What is the function of the sensory neuron
Unipolar neurons - only transmit messages
Carries messages from the PNS to the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
What are the length of the fibres of sensory neurons
Long dendrites
Short axons
What is the function of the relay (interconnecting) neuron
Multipolar neurons - send and receive messages
Transfers messages from sensory neurons to other interconnecting neurons or motor neurons
What are the length of the fibres of the relay neuron
Short dendrites
Short/long axons
What is the function of the motor neuron
Multipolar neurons - send and receive messages
Carries messages from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands
What are the length of the fibres of the motor neuron
Short dendrites
Long axons
go look at the labelled diagram of a motor neuron u paedophile
and the other 2 while u on it
Cell body
Includes nucelus
i spelt nucleus wrong. my bad
Nucleus
Control centre of a cell, which contains the cell’s chromosomal DNA
Terminal buttons
Send signals to an adjacent cell
Myelin sheath
Insulates and protects axon from external influences that might effect the transmission of the nerve impulse down the axon
Nodes of ravier
Speed up transmission of the impulse by forcing it to ‘jump’
Axon
Where electrical signals pass along
Process of synaptic transmission
Nerve impulse travels down an axon
Nerve impulse reaches synaptic terminal
This triggers the release of neurotransmitters
The neurotransmitters are fired into the synaptic gap
Neurotransmitter binds with receptors on the dendrite of the adjacent neuron
If successfully transmitted the neurotransmitter is taken up by the post-synaptic neuron
The message will continue to be passed in this way via electrical impulses
now figure out an acronym 4 that
all ive got is
never
neglected
tim
talks
normally
in
toes
i dont think it works that well
Talk abt the reflex arc
A stimulus like hammer hitting knee is detected by sense organs in PNS
Conveys message along a sensory neuron
Message reaches nervous system where it connects with a relay neuron
Then transfers message to a motor neuron
Then carries message to an effector such as a muscle, which causes the muscle to contract and, hence, the knee move or jerk
When does action potential occur
When a neuron sends info down an axon away from the cell body
What is action potential
An explosion of electrical activity
Means some event (stimulus) causes the resting potential to move forward
What is the resting state
Inside is negatively charged to the outside
What is the activated state
Inside is positively charged causing action potential
In what case do we want the re uptake of neurotransmitters
W serotonin
das why ppl take SSRIs
do we remember what that is
no
i didnt think so
What are neurotrasmitters
should probs start there
Chemicals that are released from a synaptic vesicle into the synapse by neurons
Affect the transfer of an impulse to another nerve or muscle
These are “taken back up” into the terminal buttons of neurons through the process of reuptake
Or they are broken down by an enzyme
What are the 2 types of neurotransmitters
Excitatory (excited)
Inhibitory (stopping)
i however am arousary
What are the differences between excitation and inhibitory
E
ACh
Adrenaline
I
Serotonin
GABA
What is the difference in action of excitation and inhibition
Difference lies in action of the neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic receptor
E = make more likely next neuron will fire (like acetylcholine)
I = make it less likely next neuron will fire (like GABA)
Normal brain function depends upon a regulated balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences
Talk abt them e and i neurotransmitters in terms of charge
If neurotransmitter is excitatory then post synaptic neuron is more likely to fire an impulse as the neurotransmitter increases the +ve charge (once +ve charge reaches threshold, depolarisation occurs and post synaptic neuron fires)
If neuron transmitter is inhibitory then the post synaptic neuron is less likely to fire an impulse as it increases the -ve charge (neurotransmitter needs to keep the charge below threshold so that depolarisation does not occur and thus the post synaptic neuron will not fiire)
What is a summation
Excitatory and inhibitory influences are summed
if net effect on post-synaptic neuron is inhibitory, neuron will be less likely to fire and if net effect is excitatory, neuron will be more likely to fire
