Coding, Capacity and Duration Flashcards
What is memory?
Process by which we retain info about events that have happened in the past
What is sensory memory/register (SM)
Initial contact for stimuli
SM is only capable of retaining info for a very short time
What is short term memory (STM)
Info we are currently aware of our thinking about
Info found in STM comes from paying attention to sensory memories
What is long term memory (LTM)
Continual storage of info which is largely outside of our awareness, but can be called info working memory to be used when needed
What is duration memory
How long in time (ik, you dont say) a memory lasts before it is no longer accessible
STM and LTM differ in duration
Describe the duration of STM
Lasts for very short time (U DONT SAY)
UNLESS its rehearsed or paid attention to therefore STM is limited in duration
Describe the duration of LTM
Can last anywhere between 2 minutes to 100 yrs
Has an unlimited time frame
Read thru the Baddeley 1966 case study
DO IT NOW OR UR KNEECAPS WILL SUFFER A DEATHLY FATE
What is a digit span
Ha this is my 1st proper flashcard typing in psych lesson what a milestone
It is a way of measuring the capacity of STM
Participants have to repeat back a string of digits in order of presentation
What did Miller 1956 suggest about the span of memory and chunking
Things come in 7s
7 notes on musical scales
7 days of the week
Suggests that STM capacity is 7 items (plus or minus 2)
What is chunking, according to Miller
He argued our capacity for remembering info can increase if we chunk items together
If we find links between things and group em together then we will remember more
like how we all associate pain w avani
chunking
whoop
What is meant by capacity
How much memory you can hold
What is duration
How long you can keep a memory for
What is encoding
The way info is changed so it can be stored in memory
Info enters the brain via the senses but is then stored in different forms
What are the different forms which info is stored
Visual
Acoustic
Semantic
What are the two sub-divisions of memory
Explicit
Implicit
What are explicit memories
Declarative
You can put into words
Have to be consciously thought about to be recalled
Often formed through several combined memories
Include semantic and episodic memories
What are implicit memories
Non-declarative
More difficult to put into words
Can be recalled without conscious thought
Include procedural memories
What is episodic memory
Personal experiences
Time stamped
Conscious effort to recall
Strength of memory is influenced by emotion
e.g. favourite song, primary school, first crush, etc
ah what a dream
What are the 2 types of episodic memory for the brain
Right prefrontal cortex
Hioppocampus
What is the right prefrontal cortex of episodic memory
Prefrontal cortex in the forward part of the frontal lobe is associated with initial coding of episodic memory
What is the hippocampus of episodic memory
Memories of different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory, olfactory areas of the brain
But are connected together in hippocampus to create a memory of an episode
yh idk either man
What is semantic memory
Concerns factual knowledge an individual has learned
Not time stamped
Linked to episodic as new knowledge is linked to experience
e.g. Spanish, capitals cities, school subjects
What are the 2 types of semantic memory for the brain
Hippocampus
Left prefrontal cortex
Describe hippocampus w semantic
Some disagreement over which brain areas are involved in semantic memory
But hippocampus is thought to be involved
Describe left prefrontal cortex w semantic
Coding associated w frontal and temporal lobes
What is procedural memory
Concerned w learning motor skills
Without conscious effort
Difficult to explain in words
Also involved in language
e.g. learn to drive, rude a bike, sport, etc
What are 2 types of procedural memory w brain
Motor cortex and prefrontal cortex
Cerebellum
Motor cortex and prefrontal cortex w procedural memory
These areas are associated w procedural LTM
Aid in memories of how to walk, etc
Cerebellum w procedural memory
Cerebellum helps w timing and coordination of movements, making them smooth and precise
Recent research also suggests a role in higher cognitive processes
Look at Peterson and Peterson 1959 case study
Do not be scared
its just international shipping
What is rehearsal?
Transferring info to LTM by repeating or attending to it
Describe the Peterson and Peterson 1959 case
ik they husband n wife so cute. id get sick of him
Studied duration of STM
24 uni students
Would see a nonsense syllable called trigrams (3 random consonants) followed by a number
When they disappear from screen need to count backwards from the number in 3s until told to stop
Then asked to recall syllable
What were the results of the Peterson and Peterson 1959 experiment
After 3 seconds = participants could recall about 80% of trigrams correctly
After 18 seconds = only 10% were recalled correctly
Give some +ve evaluations on Peterson and Peterson
Showed forgetting in STM can occur if info is not rehearsed
Identified that duration of STM is approximately 18 secs
Highly controlled , therefore limiting effect of extraneous variables
Gimme some of em spicy -ve evaluations on ol Peterson and Peterson
Used artificial stimuli therefore had no personal meaning to participants (lacked mundane realism)
Means we may not be able to generalise these findings to different kinds of memory tasks
Therefore lacks external validity
Relatively small sample of students
now bitches go off n read that juice Bahrick et al. 1975 case study. NOW
KNEEECAPS BITCHES. KNEECAPSSS
Gimme some +ve evaluations of Bahrick et al 1975. i like that name
High external validity
Real-life meaningful memories were studied
so maybe not a lot of +ves but he’s got a gr8 surname so +1 point for him <3
Gimme some -ve evaluations of Bahrick et al. 1975. PRETTY PLEASE
Confounding variables are not controlled in this experiment
These pictures could have been rehearsed over the years
naughty naughty bahrick. u silly goose
