RSM 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 main points abt this test
Test of difference/association (compares 2 things)
Data is nominal and recorded as a frequency
Independent groups design
What are the 3 main points abt a sign test
Test of difference/association (compares 2 things)
Data is nominal and recorded as a frequency
Repeated measures design
Describe the Mann Whitney test
Test of difference
Independent groups
Ordinal data - scores
Investigation = 2 groups took part in a study investigating whether drinking one vitamin drink daily for 4 weeks improved verbal memory test performance compared to a group who had no vitamin drinks
What is Wilcoxon
Actions
Test of difference for related data that is ordinal
Experimental design can be repeated measures or matched pairs
Alternative hypothesis
-There is a difference in people with OCD scores on a happiness questionnaire before and after treatment
Null hypothesis
-There is no difference in people with OCD scores on a happiness questionnaire before and after treatment
Describe the paradigms and its shifts
Paradigms and paradigms shifts
-Kuhn 1962 stated that the way to distinguish between scientific and non scientific disciplines is to the shared set of assumptions and methods
-Social sciences lack a universally accepted paradigm and should be seen as ‘pre-science’
-Progress within an established science occurs when there is a scientific revolution
-Paradigm shift occurs when there is contradictory evidence to a theory
Cognitive neuroscience and behavioural approach created a paradigm shift
What is a theory
Set of general laws or principles that have the ability to explain particular events or behaviours
What is a hypothesis
Prediction based on theory, scientifically tested
What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis
Theory constructs and hypothesis testing
What is falsifiability
Popper (1934) - ‘genuine scientific theories should hold themselves up for hypothesis testing and the possibility of being proven false’
Even ‘proven’ research is not true, it just hasn’t been proven false
‘This supports’ or ‘this seems to support’ and the null hypothesis
DO NOT USE THE WORD PROVE
What is reliability
An element of Popper’s hypothetic-deductive method
-Trusted findings should be repeatable across a number of contexts and circumstances
-Validity and reliability
Describe objectivity and empirical method
‘Critical distance’
Controlled lab studies
Experience - knowledge is determined only by experience and sensory perception (Locke)
What are the cases for psychology being a science
Milgram, Zimbardo, and Elizabeth Loftus
Key findings in psychology are counter-intuitive and not predictable
Psychology gained credibility by adopting scientific methods of enquiry
Practical application and challenged/modified human behaviour
What are the cases against psychology being a science
Methods can be subjective, non-standardised and unscientific
Universality??
Based on inference rather than objective measurement
When would you use Spearman’s rho test of correlation
2 sets of values at ordinal level
Is a correlation so looking for relationship
What is the Pearson’s r test
Both variables must be interval or ratio and be normally distributed
Correlation of 2 variables must fall between -1 and +1
Closer r is to -1 or +1, the stronger the relationship
Degrees of Freedom-N-2
