Behaviour Modification Flashcards
What is token economy
This involves reinforcing desirable behaviour with a token that can be exchanged for some kind of reward
When are prisoners given tokens
Each time they perform a desirable behaviour
That behaviour is then associated with that reward (secondary reinforcer)
Undesirable behaviour would result in loss of ‘tokens’ or privileges
In prisons, those participating in token economy would have an understanding on what would be classed as a desirable behaviour, what they would need to do in their actions, and a baseline measure would be established
What is a conjugal visit
Scheduled visit in which an inmate of a prison is permitted to spend several hours or days in private with a visitor, usually their legal spouse. They may engage in sexual activity
This may be useful in reducing sexual and physical violence in prisons (D’alessio 2012)
What is the flow of behaviour altering
Behaviour identified ——–> Behaviour broken down ———> Baseline measure established
How is the changed behaviour reinforced
Clearly defined desired behaviour
Variety of rewards given to encourage behaviour
Reasons must be clear
Worth must be established
Rate of behaviours must be established
What is a +ve evaluation for behaviour modification
No need for specialist/expertise
Cost-effective and easy to follow method
Bassett and Blanchard (1977) - Benefits of the token economy system were lost when staff applied the rules inconsistently due to lack of training or high staff turnover.
How is rehabilitative value a -ve evaluation
Blackburn 1993
Token economies have ‘little rehabilitative value’ - any positive changes may quickly be lost when offenders are released.
Progress is unlikely to be assured upon release since law-abiding behaviour is not rewarded/reinforced on the outside.
Rewards the offender receives from breaking the law (such as group status) may be more powerful than abiding by the token economy.
How are ethical issues a -ve evaluation
Terms and conditions are regarded as manipulative and dehumanising
Moya and Achtenberg (1974)
Offenders are not given the option over whether they participate in the token economy, withdrawal of privileges such as exercise or phone calls to loved ones may also be ethically questionable.
