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USMLE GAME TIME > The Mess That Is Micro - VII - Viruses > Flashcards

The Mess That Is Micro - VII - Viruses Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

HSV-1

A

Oral and some genital lesions, spontaneous temporal lobe encephalitis, keratoconjunctivitis; DS and linear

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2
Q

HSV-2

A

Genital and some oral lesions, DS and linear

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3
Q

VZV

A

Chickenpox, zoster (shingles), vaccine available; DS and linear

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4
Q

EBV

A

HHV-4 - DS and linear - Herpesvirus - mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma

Infects B cells. Atypical lymphocytes seen on peripheral blood smear are not infected B cells but rather reactive cytotoxic T cells.

Detect by positive monospot test.
Heterophile antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs.

Associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, endemic Burkitts, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

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5
Q

CMV

A

HHV-5 - DS and linear - Herpesvirus - infection in immunosuppressed patients (AIDS retinitis, especially transplant recipients, congenital defects)

Congenital infection, negative monospot, owl eye inclusions in infected cells. Pneumonia and retinitis.

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6
Q

HHV-6

A

Roseola, Exanthem subitum, occurs in people <2, you get a fever for several days that can cause seizures, which subsides and then rash (diffuse macular) on trunk that spreads to legs and neck (very rarely affects adults, when it does, you get mono-like symptoms)

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7
Q

HHV-7

A

Less common cause of Roseola - Exanthem subitum, occurs in people <2, you get a fever which subsides and then rash on trunk that spreads to legs and neck (very rarely affects adults, when it does, you get mono-like symptoms)

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8
Q

HHV-8

A

Causes Kaposi sarcoma. Neoplasm of endothelial cells. Seen in HIV/AIDS and transplant patients. Dark / violaceous flat and nodular skin lesions representing endothelial growths. Can also affect GI tract and lungs. Transmitted by sexual contact.

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9
Q

DNA viruses

A

Parvati And Polly Heaped Herpes and Poxes on the Papacy (for denying the existence of DNA)

Line line circle circle line line circle

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10
Q

HBV

A

Enveloped. A Hepadnavirus - it is partially DS and circular.

Not a retrovirus, but has reverse transcriptase.

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11
Q

B19

A

Non-enveloped. Parvovirus, SS and linear (-), smallest DNA virus, the only single stranded DNA virus.

Aplastic crisis in sickle cell disease, slapped cheeks rash in children, erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), RBC destruction in fetus leads to hydrops fetalis and death, pure RBC aplasia and rheumatoid arthritis-like sx in adults.
Remember Part of a Virus.

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12
Q

Erythema infectiosum versus Exanthem subitum

A

Erythema infectiosum - B19 / 5th disease

Exanthem subitum - Roseola

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13
Q

HPV

A 
Papillomavirus, No envelope, DS and circular. 
Warts - 1,2,6,11. 
CIN
Cervical cancer - 16,18
Vaccine available
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14
Q

JC Virus

A

Polyomavirus. No envelope, DS and circular. PML in HIV.

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15
Q

BK virus

A

Polyomavirus. NO envelope, DS and circular. Transplant patients, commonly targets the kidney.

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16
Q

Smallpox

A

A poxvirus. DS and linear (largest DNA virus). Eradicated. But it could be used in germ warfare.

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17
Q

Cowpox

A

A poxvirus. Milkmaid blisters. DS and linear (largest DNA virus).

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18
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

A

A poxvirus, enveloped, DS and linear, flesh-colored dome lesions with central umbilicated dimple.

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19
Q

Coltivirus

A

Aka Colorado tick fever. A Reovirus, no envelope, DS linear 10-12 segments. Icosahedral capsid.

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20
Q

RNA viruses with negative sense DNA

A 
Rabid Philadelphian Paragliders Order Delicious Buns in the Arena
Rhabdoviruses
Filoviruses
Paramyxoviruses
Orthomyxoviruses
Delta virus
Bunyaviruses
Arenaviruses
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21
Q

Rotavirus

A

A Reovirus, no envelope, DS linear 10-12 segments of DNA, icosahedral, number 1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children. Villous destruction with atrophy leads to decreased absorption of sodium and loss of potassium. CDC recommends vaccination of infants. Most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis.

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22
Q

PicoRNAviruses

A 
No envelope, single stranded and linear, Icosahedral
PERCH
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Rhinovirus
Coxsackievirus
HAV

RNA is translated into one large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins. Can cause aseptic viral meningitis (except rhinovirus and HAV). All are enterovirus (fecal-oral route) except rhinovirus.

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23
Q

Segmented viruses

A 
Buns ARe Really Orthoganal (and segmented)
Bunyaviruses
Arenaviruses
Reoviruses
Orthovmyxoviruses (influenza virus)
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24
Q

HCV

A

Flavivirus

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25
Q

Yellow fever

A

Flavivirus, SS+ and linear with an envelope. Transmitted by Aedes mosquito. Virus has a monkey or human reservoir. Sx include high fever, black vomit, and jaundice.

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26
Q

Dengue

A

Flavivirus

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27
Q

St. Louis encephalitis

A

Flavivirus

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28
Q

West nile virus

A

Flavivirus

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29
Q

Norovirus

A

Calicivirus (SS + linear icosahedral no envelope)

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30
Q

HEV

A

Hepevirus (SS + linear icosahedral no envelope)

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31
Q

Rubella

A

Togavirus

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32
Q

Eastern equine encephalitis

A

Togavirus

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33
Q

Western equine encephalitis

A

Togavirus

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34
Q

HTLV

A

T cell leukemia virus, a retrovirus

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35
Q

Coronavirus

A

Coronaviruses

36
Q

SARS

A

Coronavirus

37
Q

Parainfluenza

A

Paramyxoviruses

38
Q

RSV

A

Paramyxovirus (remember PaRaMyxovirus

39
Q

Measles

A

Paramyxovirus. Use vitamin A to prevent severe exfoliative dermatitis in malnourished children.

40
Q

Mumps

A

Paramyxovirus

41
Q

Ebola

A

Filovirus

42
Q

Marburg hemorrhagic fever

A

Filovirus

43
Q

LCMV

A

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, an Arenavirus

44
Q

Lassa fever encephalitis

A

Arenavirus spread by mice

45
Q

California encephalitis

A

Bunyavirus

46
Q

Sandfly/rift valley fever

A

Bunyavirus

47
Q

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

A

Bunyavirus

48
Q

Hantavirus

A

Bunyavirus

49
Q

HDV

A

Delta virus - enveloped, ss, negative, circular

50
Q

Orthomyxoviruses

A

Includes influenza virus. Enveloped, single stranded negative, linear, 8 segments with helical capsid.

Hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry)
Neuraminidase (promotes progeny virion release)

51
Q

Hemagglutinin

A

promotes viral entry, found in Influenza virus

52
Q

Neuraminidase

A

promotes progeny virion release, found in Influenza virus

53
Q

HBV genome proteins

A

HBcAg - nucleocapsid core and precore protein that resides within hepatocytes and assembles virion.

HBeAg - nucelocapsid core and precore protein that is a marker of high infectivity. Core resides within hepatocytes and assembles virion, while the precore component directs secretion into blood.

HBsAg - noninfective envelope glycoprotein that forms spheres and tubules 22 nm in diameter. Infected hepatocytes may secrete enormous quantities which may poorly correlate with viral replication.

HBx - transcriptional transactivator of viral genes from the X region. Necessary for viral replication. Functions in deregulation of hepatocyte replication and development of HCC in patients with HBV. Basically this interferes with cell cycle, chromosomal stability, everything relevant in the host and messes sh** up.

DNA polymerase - uses reverse transcriptase to replicate genome. An RNA intermediate is produced.

54
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

The protein coat (capsid) and DNA together are the nucleocapsid

55
Q

HBcAg

A

nucleocapsid core and precore protein that resides within hepatocytes and assembles virion.

56
Q

HBeAg

A

nucelocapsid core and precore protein that is a marker of high infectivity. Core resides within hepatocytes and assembles virion, while the precore component directs secretion into blood.

57
Q

HBsAg

A

noninfective envelope glycoprotein that forms spheres and tubules 22 nm in diameter. Infected hepatocytes may secrete enormous quantities which may poorly correlate with viral replication.

58
Q

HBx

A

Found in hepatitis B. Transcriptional transactivator of viral genes from the X region. Necessary for viral replication. Functions in deregulation of hepatocyte replication and development of HCC in patients with HBV. Basically this interferes with cell cycle, chromosomal stability, everything relevant in the host and messes sh** up.

59
Q

Dane particle

A

Refers to Hep B

Spherical double-layered particle with a hexagonal core covered with an outer surface envelope of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate.

60
Q

What family is Hep B

A

Hepadnaviridae

61
Q

Hep B replication cycle

A

DsDNA

62
Q

Bunyaviruses?

A

Enveloped, single stranded negative, circular with 3 segments.

California encephalitis
Sandfly / Rift valley fevers
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever
Hantavirus-hemorrhagic fever pneumonia

A bunny in California is bitten by sandflies with a Hankering to go to the Congo and has hemorrhagic fever.

63
Q

Arenaviruses

A

Enveloped, SS negative, circular, 2 segments, helical, LCMV - lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Lassa fever encephalitis - spread by mice

64
Q

Togaviruses

A

Enveloped, Single stranded + linear, icosahedral
Rubella
Eastern equine encephalitis
Western equine encephalitis

Remember: Picture someone in a toga rubbing down his horse.

65
Q

Single stranded positive linear viruses?

A 
The Retro Toga-ed Hippy from California likes Pickle-Flavored Coronas from California
Retroviruses
Togaviruses
Hepeviruses
Caliciviruses
Picornaviruses
Coronaviruses
Caliciviruses
66
Q

Flaviviruses

A

Enveloped, single strand linear, positive, icosahedral

HCV
Yellow Fever
Dengue
St. Louis encephalitis
West Nile virus

All mosquito borne except HCV.

Remember: When you have Hep C things taste different (flavor), you turn yellow, you get hepatic encephalopathy.

67
Q

Picornavirus

A

nonenveloped, single stranded linear, icosahedral

Remember: The RHINO with a SACK on his back played marco POLO and ECHOed back words until he PICKed up a contaminated piece of food, eats it, and gets HEP A.

68
Q

Live attenuated viral vaccines

A 
Smallpox
Yellow fever
Chickenpox
MMR
Sabin polio virus
Influenza (intranasal)

Remember: The small yellow chicken flew over Momma Ruth’s sable-furred polar bear (and lived).

69
Q

Killed viral vaccines

A

Rabies
Influenza
Salk Polio
Hep A Virus

Remember: Rabid infected polar bears hate salt (and die).

70
Q

Recombinant viral vaccine

A

HBV - the antigen is recombinant HBsAg

HPV - types 6, 11, 16, 18

71
Q

Viral replication: where does it occur for DNA versus RNA viruses?

A

DNA viruses: all replicate in the nucleus except poxviruses

RNA viruses: all replicate in the cytoplasm except influenza and retroviruses

72
Q

What is the only DNA virus that is single stranded?

A

Parvovirus - remember “part of a virus”

73
Q

env

A

Formed from cleavage of gp160 to form envelope glycoproteins in HIV
gp120 - attachment to host CD4+ T cell
gp41 - fusion and entry

74
Q

gag

A

capsid protein in HIV. p24

Remember: I gag after swallowing a 24 CAPsules.

75
Q

pol

A

Reverse transcriptase, synthesizes dsDNA from RNA; dsDNA integrates into the host genome.

76
Q

CCR5

A

Coreceptor on CD4 T cells; HIV virus binds this early. CXCR4 is the one that Virus binds late. CCR5 and CD4 on macrophages.

77
Q

CXCR4

A

Coreceptor on CD4 T cells; Virus binds this late. CCR5 and CD4 on macrophages.

78
Q

Homozygous CCR5 mutation

A

Immunity from HIV

79
Q

Heterogzygous CCR5 mutation

A

Slower HIV course

80
Q

AIDS diagnosis

A

less than 200 CD4+ cells per mm, OR HIV positive with an AIDS defining condition such as Pneumocystis pneumonia OR CD4 percentage less than 14%

81
Q

Reovirus

A

Remember “Repetovirus” - the only doublestranded RNA

No envelope, DS linear 10-12 segments, icosahedral (double)

Coltivirus - Colorado tick fever
Rotavirus - number 1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children

Remember: Colts repeat and learn by rote memorization

82
Q

gp41 (HIV)

A

Transmembrane glycoprotein in HIV

83
Q

gp120 (HIV)

A

Docking glycoprotein in HIV

84
Q

p17 (HIV)

A

Matrix protein in hiv

85
Q

p24 (HIV)

A

Capsid protein HIV

86
Q

Negative stranded or positive stranded - which are more infectious if you just find the RNA?

A

Positive stranded!

USMLE GAME TIME (46 decks)

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