Biochemistry - Important Concepts Flashcards
1
Q
Amino acids in histones
A
Lysine and arginine
His lies made me go “argh!”
2
Q
Nucleosome core
A
H2A, H2B, H3, H4
3
Q
H1
A
Binds to the nucleosome and to linker DNA, stabilizing the chromatin fiber
4
Q
During what phase of the cell cycle does histone synthesis occur?
A
S phase
5
Q
Heterochromatin
A
Condensed and inactive
6
Q
Euchromatin
A
Sterically accessible
7
Q
Amino acids necessary for purine synthesis
A
GAG
Glycine
Aspartate
Glutamine
8
Q
Leflunomide
A
Inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (carbamoyl phosphate + aspartate + PRPP –> orotic acid
9
Q
Mycphenolate
A
Inhibits IMP dehydrogenase
My Ribald IMP
10
Q
Ribavarin
A
Inhibits IMP dehydrogenase
My Ribald IMP
11
Q
Hydroxyurea
A
Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase (which turns UDP –> dUMP or converts ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides)
12
Q
6-mercaptopurine
A
Inhibits de novo purine synthesis
13
Q
Azathioprine
A
Inhibits de novo purine synthesis
14
Q
Pyrimethamine
A
Inhibits dihyrofolate reductase and decreases dTMP
15
Q
Mnemonic for pyrimidine base production
A
Gluttons crave carbs as oral porn
Glutamine Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II Carbamoyl phosphate Aspartate Orotic acid PRPP
16
Q
HGPRT catalyzes what rxns?
A
Guanine to GMP
Hypoxanthine to IMP
17
Q
Adenosine deaminase does what?
A
Adenosine to Inosine (irreversibly deaminates adenosine - substitutes an amino group for a hydroxyl group)
18
Q
Xanthine oxidase does what?
A
Hypoxanthine to xanthine, xanthine to uric acid.
19
Q
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
A
Leads to excess ATP and dATP, which imbalances nucleotide pool via feedback inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase - DNA synthesis is prevented - lymphocyte count decreases
AR SCID
20
Q
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
A
Catalyzes the reaction from Inosine to Hypoxanthine. Increased purine nucleosides, decreased uric acid, and impaired T cell function.
21
Q
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome sx?
A
HGPRT: Hyperuricemia Gout Pissed off (aggressive, self-mutilating) Retardation DysTonia
Also choreathoid movements
22
Q
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome treatment?
A
Allopurinol and Febuxostat (inhibit xanthine oxidase)
23
Q
Mycophenolate mofetil
A
Anti-metabolite, anti-proliferative drug that acts as an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and is used to treat Wegener’s… somehow
24
Q
DNA polymerase delta
A
Major eukaryotic replication polymerase
beta - repair
alpha and epsilon - also involved in replication
gamma - mitochondrial DNA
25
DNA polymerase beta
beta - repair
delta - major eukaryotic replication polymerase
alpha and epsilon - also involved in replication
gamma - mitochondrial DNA
26
DNA polymerase III
Prokaryotic only. Proofreads with 3' to 5' exonuclease.
III only eats what's behind it
I is aggressive - chomps as it goes forward, like Pacman
27
DNA polymerase I
Prokaryotic only. Proofreads with 5' to 3' exonuclease. THis is used to degrade RNA primer.
III only eats what's behind it
I is aggressive - chomps as it goes forward, like Pacman
28
Transition mutation
purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine
29
Transversion mutation
purine to pyrimidine or vice versa
30
Wobble rules
Third base pair contributes to wobble.
U-G is a valid pair
Inosine can pair with U, C, A
31
AA with strongly nonpolar side chains have codons with ___s in 2nd position.
Pyrimadines
Polar side chains --> purines
Remember - polar bears are pure.
32
Xeroderma pigmentosum type of DNA repair problem?
Nucleotide excision repair
Think derma --> skin --> UV exposure
33
HNPCC repair problem?
Mismatch repair
34
Ataxia telangiectasia repair problem?
Nonhomologous end joining
35
Nucleotide excision repair
Repair of pyrimidine dimers or bulky helix-distorted lesions usually from UV light exposure.
A short section is excised using endonucleases and then DNA polymerase and ligase fills and reseals the gap.
Xeroderma pigmentosum
36
Base excision repair
Altered base - repairs spontaneous / toxic deamination (C --> U, A --> hypoxanthine)
GEL PLease!
Glycosylase (base-specific) recognizes altered base and creates an apyrimidinic, apurinic site
Endonuclease removes nucleotide and cleaves 5' end
Lyase cleaves 3' end
Pol beta fills gap
Lyase seals it.
37
Mismatch repair
Defect in newly synthesized strand.
```
M2ESS PLease
MutS detects mismatch
MutL identifies parent strand
Exonuclease 1 is activated
SSBPs stabilize the construct
Pol delta synthesizes new DNA
Ligase seals the nick
```
HNPCC
38
NHEJ
Brings together 2 ends of DNA fragments to repair double strand breaks; no requirement for homology
Ataxia telangiectasia
39
DNA denaturation
Hyperchromic effect - increase in UV absorption and A260
Decrease viscosity
40
Where do capping, splicing, and polyadenylation of 3' end of RNA occur?
All in the nucleus
41
hnRNA versus mRNA?
hnRNA - heterogeneous nuclear RNA - not spliced or capped or polyadenylated
42
Cytoplasmic P-bodies?
These are responsible for mRNA quality control - they contain exonucleases, decapping enzymes, and microRNAs.
43
Polyadenylation signal
AAUAAA
44
anti-smith antibodies
Antibodies to spliceosomal snRNPs - highly specific for SLE
45
anti-U1 RNP antibodies
highly associated with mixed connective tissue disease
46
Exons
Contain the actual genetic material coding for proton
47
Introns
Intervening noncoding segments of DNA
48
Which end is the CCA at in tRNA?
| What does it do?
3' end
| Accepts the amino acid
49
T-arm
Think Tribe
Thiamine, pseudouracil, cytosine
t-RNA ribosome binding
50
D-arm
Think D-syn
Contains dihydrouracil residues
Necessary for tRNA recognition by the correct amino-acyl tRNA synthetase
51
Which stages require ATP and which require GTP?
ATP - tRNA activation and charging
| GTP - tRNA gripping and going places
52
Sites on the 60S subunit
A - incoming aminoacyl tRNA
P - accomodates growing peptide
E - holds empty tRNA as it exits
53
Release factor
Recognizes the stop codon, causes completed polypeptide to be released from the ribosome
54
Zymogen
Inactive enzyme precursor
55
CDKs
Constitutive and inactive
56
Cyclins
Regulatory proteins that control cell cycle events - activate CDKs
57
Breast cancer, brain tumors, acute leukemia, soft tissue sarcomas, bone sarcomas, and adrenal cortical carcinoma
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
| p53 mutation, AD. rare
58
Nissl bodies
RER in neurons that synthesize peptide neurotransmitters for secretion
59
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Site of steroid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons
Liver hepatocytes and steroid-hormone producing cells in the adrenal cortex and gonads are rich in SER.
60
Golgi modifications
N-oligosaccharide on asparagine
O-oligosaccharide on serine and threonine
Mannose-6-phosphate addition to proteins for lysosomal trafficking.
61
Endosomes
Sorting centers for material from outside the cell or from the Golgi, sending it to lysosomes for destruction or back to the membrane / Golgi for further use.
62
Coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, and high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes - fatal in childhood
I cell disease
Inherited lysosomal storage disorder
Defect in phosphotransferase - Golgi fails to phosphorylate mannose residues (mannose 6 phosphate) on glycoproteins so proteins are screted extracellularly rather than delivered to lysosomes
Think clouds and corn on the golf course - restricted movement because you can't see - Eyes - I cell disease
63
I cell disease
Coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, and high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes - fatal in childhood
Inherited lysosomal storage disorder
Defect in phosphotransferase - Golgi fails to phosphorylate mannose residues (mannose 6 phosphate) on glycoproteins so proteins are screted extracellularly rather than delivered to lysosomes
Think clouds and corn on the golf course - restricted movement because you can't see - Eyes - I cell disease
64
Phosphotransferase
I cell disease
65
Signal recognition particle
Abundant cytosolic ribonucleoprotein that trafficks proteins from the ribosome to the RER. Absent or dysfunctional SRP causes proteins to accumulate in the cytosol.
66
COPI
Golgi --> Golgi (retrograde)
Golgi --> ER
COPII is anterograde
Gotta go backwards to fix your past before you can go forward! said the Cop
67
COP II
Golgi -> Golgi (anterograde)
ER -> Golgi
Gotta go backwards to fix your past before you can go forward! said the Cop
68
Clathrin
Golgi -> lysosomes
| Plasma membrane -> endosomes (receptor mediated endocytosis)
69
Peroxisome
Catabolizes very long chain fatty acids, branched chain fatty acids, and amino acids
70
Proteasome
Degrades damaged or ubiquitin tagged protein
71
Peroxisome vs proteasome?
Peroxisome is fatty acids and amino acids
| Proteasome is protein
72
Dynein versus kinesin?
Dynein is Minus end directed microtubule transport - goes TOWARD the cell center
73
Drugs that act on microtubules?
```
Pack My Bendy Greasy Collar of Vines
Paclitaxel
Mebendazole
Griseofulvin
Colchicine
Vincristine/Vinblastine
```
74
Axonemal dynein
ATPase ta links peripheral 9 doublets in cilia and causes bending of cilium by differential sliding of doublets.
75
Infertility, Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, bronchiectasis, recurrent sinusitis, situs inversus
Kartagener syndrome - primary ciliary dyskinesia
76
Actin and myosin versus microtubules versus intermediate filaments
Actin / myosin - Muscle contraction
Microtubule - Movement
Intermediate filament - Structure
77
Intermediate filament stain - vimentin
Stains Connective tissue
| Vines connect
78
Intermediate filament stain - Desmin
Stains muscle
| Desmond is muscular
79
Cytokeratin stain
Epithelial cell
80
GFAP stain
NeuroGlia
81
Neurofilament stain
Neurons
82
Ouabain
Inhibits by binding to K+ site on sodium potassium pump
83
Cardiac glycosides
Directly inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase which leads to indirect inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange and increases Ca2+ and cardiac contractility
84
Collagen types
Be so totally cool, read books
Type I - bone, skin, tendon (dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair)
Type II - Cartilage (including hyaline), vitreous body, nucleus pulposis (CaVerN)
Type III - Reticulin - skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue (Grub fuss)?
Type IV - Basement membrane, basal lamina, lens
I - bone
II - cartwolage
III - threeD (vascular Ehlers-Danlos)
IV - under the floor
85
Glomerulonephritis, ESRD, hearing loss, may be eye problems
Basket-weave appearance on EM of the glomeruli.
Alport syndrome. Caused by Type IV collagen mutation.
86
Which type of collagen is targeted by antibodies in Goodpasture?
GBM
87
Type II collagen
Cartilage, Vitreous body, Nucleus pulposis
88
Type IV collagen
Basement membrane
Basal lamina
Lens
89
Type I collagen
Bone, Skin, Tendon, Dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair
90
Type III
Reticulin - skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue
91
Steps of collagen synthesis
1. Synthesis - translation of preprocollagen (Gly-X-Y, usu proline or lysine)
2. Hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues - requires VITAMIN C
3. Glycosylation of pro-alpha-chain hydroxylysine residues and formation of procollagen thru disulfide bonds (triple helix) -- OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
4. Exocytosis into cellular space
5. Cleavage of terminal disulfide-rich regions -> becomes insoluble tropocollagen
6. Covaent lysine-hydroxylase cross linking by lysyl oxidase occurs to make collagen fibrils. EHLERS DANLOS OR MENKES DISEASE
92
Multiple fractures with minimal trauma; may occur during the birth process. Hearing loss. Dental imperfections.
Also blue sclera
Dental imperfections due to lack of dentin
Osteogenesis imperfecta, due to defect in triple helix formation in the glycosylation step of collagen I synthesis.
Most common form is Autosomal Dominant.
93
Hyperextensible skin, tendency to bleed / easy bruising, hypermobile joints, joint dislocation, berry and aortic aneurysms, organ rupture.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Classical type - joint and skin symptoms - Type V collagen mutation
Vascular type - Deficient Type III collagen
94
What causes Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
6+ types but listed as defective crosslinking (final step in collagen pathway) in the book.
95
Brittle, kinky hair, growth retardation, hypotonia
Menkes Disease
Connective tissue disease caused by impaired copper absorption and transport - leads to decreased activity of lysyl oxidase (since copper is the necessary cofactor).
96
Amino acids in collagen?
Glycin, proline and lysine (the latter 2 hydroxylated)
97
Amino acids in elastin?
Proline and glycine, nonhydroxylated
98
Fibrillin
Glycoprotein forming sheath around elastin, mutated in Marfan syndrome
99
Indirect ELISA
Use a test antigen to see if a specific antibody is present in the patient's blood - a secondary antibody coupled to a color generating enzyme is added to detect the first antibody
100
Direct ELISA
Use a test antibody to see if a specific antibody is present in patient's blood - secondary antibody coupled to a color-generating enzyme is added to detect antigen.
101
What can you use to perform karyotyping?
Blood, bone marrow, amniotic fluid, or placental tissue
102
Variable expressivity versus incomplete penetrance
Incomplete penetrance is the all or none one
103
Pleiotropy
One gene contributes to multiple phenotypic effects
104
Linkage disequilibrium
Tendency for certain alleles at 2 linked loci to occur together more often than expected by chance
105
Locus heterogeneity
Mutations at different loci can produce a similar phenotype
Albinism
106
Allelic heterogeneity
Different mutations in the same locus produce the same phenotype
107
Polycystic fibrous displasia, unilateral cafe au lait spots, autonomous endocrine hormone excess with precocious puberty
McCune-Albright syndrome - An example of a mosaic disorder
Mutation of the GNAS1 gene involved in G protein signalling which prevents cAMP downregulation.
108
Uniparental disomy
Offspring receives 2 copies of a chromosome from 1 parent and none from another
109
Heterodisomy
Indicates a meiosis 1 error - heterozygous
110
Isodisomy
Indicates a meiosis II error - homozygous - or postzygotic chromosomal duplication of one of a pair and loss of the other
111
Frequency of X linked recessive disease in males vs females
q vs q^2
112
Hyperphagia, hypogonadism, hypotonia, obesity, intellectual disability
Prader-Willi syndrome
113
Inappropriate laughter, seizures, ataxia, severe intellectual disability
Angelman sydndrome, paternally imprinted
114
Hypophosphatemic rickets
Inherited X linked dominant disorder resulting in increased phosphate wasting at the proximal tubule - presents like Rickets.
115
Myopathy, latic acidosis, and CNS disease.
| Muscle biopsy shows ragged red fibers
Mitochondrial myopathy - a secondary failure in oxidative phosphorylation
116
Telangiectasia, recurrent epistaxis, skin discolorations, AVMs, GI bleeding, hematuria
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome / Hereditory Hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Associated with TGF-beta
As we run (osler weber rendu), we tug a betafish (TGFbeta) which bleeds everywhere
117
Pectus excavatum
Chest having a sunken in appearance
118
Which way do the lenses subluxate in marfans?
Upward and temporally
119
Chromosome associated with FAP?
APC gene, chromosome 5, 5 letters in polyp
120
Chromosome associated with ADPKD?
16 letters in polycystic kidney
85% cases due to PKD1 mutation
remainder due to PKD2 (chromosome 4)
121
Most common gene defect associated with CF?
CFTR defect on chromosome 7 - commonly a deletion of Phe508
Fennel gives you cysts or is made of fiber
122
What electrolyte imbalances do you see with CF?
Hypokalemia and contraction alkalosis because H2O / Na+ losses lead to concomitant renal K+ and H+ wasting
123
Meconium ileus
Bowel obstruction, occurs when the meconium of the newborn is thicker and stickier than normal meconium
124
Treatment for CF
```
N-acetylcysteine to loosen mucus plugs (cleaves disulfide bonds within mucus glycoproteins)
Dornase alpha (DNAse) to clear leukocytic debris
```
125
X-linked disorders
Brutish Dutch Hunters Give Fat Bloody Leeches to the Wise Blind Oracle
```
Bruton agammaglobulinemia
Duchenne
Hunter Syndrome
G6PD
Fabry
Hemophelia
Lesch-Nyhan
Wiskott-Aldrich
Ocular albinism
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
```
126
Diagnosis of Duchenne
Loss of dystrophin -- myonecrosis
Increase CPK and aldolase
Western blot, muscle biopsy to confirm
127
Myotonia, muscle wasting, frontal balding, cataracts, testicular atrophy, arrhythmia
Myotonic Type I
Defect in myotonin protein kinase (DMPK gene) - specifically CTG trinucleotide repeat expansion
Think bald guy who won't let go (myotonia) of his love (arrhythmia/heartache) even tho he has cataracts, testicular atrophy...
128
Trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases
Try hunting for my fried eggs
X-girlfriend's first aid helped ace my test
Fragile X - CGG
Friedrich - GAA
Huntington - CAG
Myotonic dystrophy - CTG
129
Intellectual disability, elfin facies, hypercalcemia, well-developed verbal skills, extreme friendliness with strangers, cardiovascular problems
Williams syndrome - congenital microdeletion of long arm of chromosome 7
Think Robin Williams; he was lucky (7) to have elfin facies, strong verbal skills, extreme friendliness, also had heart surgery so cards problem
He was hyper in california (hypercalcemia)
130
What type of heart defect is associated with Downs?
Ostium primum type ASD
131
Small white or grayish brown spots on the periphery of the iris due to connective tisue aggregation
Brushfield spots - Down syndrome
132
First semester ultrasound for Downs
increased nuchal translucency and hypoplastic nasal bone
Serum PAPP-A down
Free beta HCG is up
133
Second trimester quad for Downs
down up down up
| alpha feto, beta hcg, estriol, inhibin a
134
Severe intellectual disability with rocker-bottom feet, micrognathia, low-set ears, clenched hands, prominent occiput, congenital heart disease; death in 1 year
Edwards syndrome - trisomy 18
135
Findings for Edward syndrome
PAPP A and free beta hCG down in first trimester
| Quad is all don
136
Severe intellectual disability, rocker bottom feet, microopthalmia, microcephaly, cleft lip and palate, holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, CHD, death in 1 year
13
| first trimester creen - decreased beta hcg, PAPP-A, and increased nuchal translucency
137
Robertsonian translocation
Nonreciprocal chromosomal translocation that commonly involves 13, 14, 15, 21, 22 - long arms fuse with long arms
138
Cri du Chat
chromosome 5 microdiletion
```
Microcephaly
Moderate to severe disability
HIgh pitched crying / mewing
epicanthal folds
Cardiac abnormality - VSD
```
Cats venture (ventricles) toward the crying baby and give him a high 5.
139
Is toxicity more common for fat or water soluble vitamins?
Fat soluble
140
Which water soluble vitamins don't wash out easily?
B12 and folate (stored in liver)
141
Night blindness, dry, scaly skin, alopecia, corneal degeneration, immune suppression
Vitamin A deficiency
Think blind, scaly, hairless, sick - sounds like Lord Voldemort's soul
142
Arthralgias, skin changes / scaly, alopecia, cerebral edema, osteoporosis, hepatic abnormalities
Also pseudotumor cerebri, teratogenic
Vitamin A excess symptoms.
143
What vitamin is used to treat measles?
Vitamin A
144
What vitamin is used to treat AML, subtype M3?
A
145
What is thiamine a cofactor for?
1. Pyruvate dehyrogenase
2. alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
3. transketolase
4. branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
146
Confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia
Wernicke-Korsakoff - also confabulation, personality change, memory loss. Damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus and mammilary bodies
147
Polyneuritis and symmetrical muscle wasting associated with thiamine
Dry beri beri
148
HIgh output cardiac failure (dilated) and edema associated with thiamine deficiency
Wet beri beri
149
How do you diagnose thiamine deficiency?
Increase in RBC transketolase activity following vitamin B1 administration
150
Cheilosis, corneal vascularization, angular cheilitis, glossitis, scaly dermatitis
Vitamin B2 deficiency
151
What vitamins does niacin need to be synthesized?
B2, B6
152
Diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis
Niacin deficiency, pellagra
153
Casal necklace or hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed limbs
Niacin deficiency, pellagra
154
Hartnup disease
Decreased tryptophan absorption
155
Carcinoid syndrome
Vasoactive tumor substances enter systemic circulation - flushing, diarrhea, serotonin-induced fibrosis of valvular epithelium
156
Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency
B5 - pantothenate deficiency
157
B5
Essential component of coenzyme A and fatty acid synthase
158
B6
```
Converted to pyridoxal phosphate: used in
GladiaTr
Glycogen phosphorylase
Decarboxylation rxns
Transamination rxns (AST, ALT)
```
Synthesis of neurotransmitters, cystathionine, heme, niacine, histamine, etc
159
Convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia
B6 deficiency
160
B7
Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes :
1. Pyruvate carboxylase
2. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
3. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
161
Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis after eating raw egg whites
B7 deficiency
162
Folic acid
Coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions
| No neurologic symptoms
163
Drugs that can cause folate deficiency
Prim Fools Trim Pyromaniac phoenixes with no Defense Method
```
Primidone
Folate
Trimethoprim
Pyrimethamine
Phenytoin
Diphenhydantoin / anticonvulsants
Methotrexate
```
164
Diphyllobothrium latum
Can cause b12 deficiency
165
Subacute combined degeneration
Degeneration of the dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, and spinocerebellar tracts due to abnormal myelin
association with B12 deficiency
166
How could you distinguish B12 from folate deficiency?
Methymalonic acid increases with B12 but not with THF deficiency
Homocystine increases with both
167
Functions of Vitamin C?
- Facilitates iron absorption
- necessary for dopamine beta hydroxylase (dopamine to NE)
- hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
168
Swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages, corkscrew hair
Vitamin C deficiency, scurvey
169
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, increased risk of iron toxicity in certain ppl
Vitamin C excess
170
D2
Ergocalciferol - ingested from plants
171
D3
Cholecalciferol consumed in milk and sun-exposed skin
172
25-OH D3
Storage form
173
1,25-OH2 D3
Calcitriol, active form
174
Bone pain and deformity, muscle weakness, hypocalcemic tetany
Rickets, vitamin D deficiency
175
What vitamin should you give a breastfed infant?
D
176
Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, stupor
Vitamin D excess
177
When do you see vitamin D excess?
Sarcoidosis - increased activation of vit D by epithelioid macrophages
178
Hemolytic anemia, acanthocytosis, muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination
Vitamin E / tocopherol deficiency
179
Tocopherol
Vitamin E
180
What does vitamin E do?
Antoxident - protects erythrocytes and membranes from free radical damage.
181
What vitamin should you inject at birth?
Vitamin K
182
Neonatal hemorrhage with increased PT and PTT but normal bleeding time.
Vitamin K deficiency.
183
What does Vitamin K do?
Cofactor for gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on various proteins
184
Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair (axillary, facial, pubic), dysgeusia, anosmia, acrodermatitis enteropathica, alcoholic cirrhosis
Zinc deficiency
185
Kwashiorkor
Malnutrition
Edema
Anemia
Fatty Liver
Protein deficiency
186
Marasmus
Total calorie malnutrition resulting in tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and variable edema.
187
Fomepizole
Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase
188
Disulfiram
inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
189
Phosphorylase
Adds inorganic phosphate onto substrate without using ATP
190
Dehydrogenase
Catalyzes REDOX reactions
191
What takes place in both mitochondria and cytoplasm?
Heme synthesis, urea cycle, gluconeogenesis
| HUGS take 2
192
Rate determining enzyme of glycolysis
PFK-1
AMP+, F26bisphospate+
ATP-, Citrate -
Frump Cat at JFK
193
Gluconeogenesis rate determining enzyme
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
Citrate +
AMP-, fructose 2,6 bisphosphate -
Sit the frump
194
TCA cycle rate determining enzyme
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
ADP+
ATP-, NADH-
Add ice to Nat
195
Glycogenesis rate determining enzyme
Glycogen synthase
Glucose 6 phosphate+, insuline +, cortisol +
Epinephrine -, glucagon-
Glue in court | glues epic gentleman
196
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen phosphorylase
Epinephrine+, glucagon+, AMP+
Glucose-6-phosphate-, insulin-, ATP-
Epic glue in the ampitheater glues insurers atrociously
197
HMP shunt
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase - G6PD
NADP+
NADPH-
HMph, nope, nope
198
De novo pyrimidine synthesis
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
199
De novo purine synthesis
```
Glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase
AMP-, IMP-, GMP-
```
200
Urea cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
| N acetylglutamate+
201
Fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl-Coa carboxylase (ACC) - turns acetyl coa into malonyl coa
Insulin+, citrate+
Glucagon-, palmitoyl coa-
Inside the fat citrus there was a newly synthesized glue palace
202
Fatty acid oxidation
Carnitine acyltransferase I
Malonyl coa-
Mal gets a fat new car
203
Ketogenesis
HMG-coa synthase
204
Cholesterol synthesis
HMG coA reductase
Insulin+, thyroxine+
Glucagon-, cholesterol-
In thy cold glum home we burned coal.
