The Menstrual Cycle Flashcards
what are hormones
chemical messengers that travel in theblood to activate target cells/organs
where are humans produced?
in glands
what is the endocrine system?
the system of glands that produce hormones
which hormones are produced in the pituitary gland?
FSH (to do with the menstrual cycle)
LH (to do with the menstrual cycle)
ADH
what is the function of FSH?
stimulates egg development
oestrogen secretion
what is the function of LH?
stimulates ovulation
what is the function of ADH?
control water content
what hormone is produced in the pancreas?
insulin glucagon
what is the function of insulin glucagon?
lowers blood glucos levels
raises blood glucose levels
what hormone is prodcued in the adrenal gland?
adrenaline
what is the function of adrenaline?
prepares body for physical activity
what hormones are produced in the ovaries?
oestrogen
progesterone
what is the function of oestrogen
female secondary sexual characteristics
repair of endometrium (womb lining)
what is the function of progesterone?
grown of endometrium
what hormone is produced in the testes?
testosterone
what is the function of testosterone?
male secondary characteristics
where is FSH produced?
pituitary gland
where is insulin glucagon produced?
pancreas
where is LH produced?
pituitary gand
where is oestrogen produced?
ovaries
where is testosterone produced?
testes
where is adrenaline produced?
adrenal
where is ADH produced?
pituitary gland
where is progesterone produced?
ovaries
what is the difference between the form of message in the nervous system vs the endocrine system
nervous system = electrical impulses; chemical (nuerotransmitter) at synapse
endocrine system = hormones (chemicals)
what is the difference between the how messages are carried in the nervous system vs the endocrine system
nervous system: neurones
endocrine system: bloodstream
what is the difference between the time it takes for an effect to happen in the nervous system vs the endocrine system
nervous system = fast, usually instant effect
endocrine system = more slowly, takes longer to act
what is the difference between the duration of effect in the nervous system vs the endocrine system
nervous system = short lived
endocrine system = long lasting
what is the difference between the area of effect in the nervous system vs the endocrine system
nervous system = very localise (individual cells/muscle fibres)
endocrine system = can be widespread (different organs)
ovary
these release eggs once a month
oviduct
(=fallopian tubes) eggs pass along these tubes and fertilisation occurs here
uterus
(=womb) this is where the foetus develops
cervix
this is the entrance to the uterus
vagina
this is where the sperm are recieved during intercourse and where the babies pass through during birth
label this diagram of where hormones are produced
label this front view of the female reprodcutive system
label this side view of the female reproductive system
what happens on days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?
menstrual flow
what happens on day 6-13 of the menstrual cycle?
egg maturation
reapir of endometrium in preparation for fertilised egg
what happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
ovulation (release of egg
what happens on day 15-17 of the menstrual cycle?
fertilisation possible
growth of endometrium
what happens on day 18-28 of the menstrual cycle?
without fertilisation the egg dies
breakdwon of the endometrium at the end of the cycle
what is the endometrium?
uterus lining
thick tissue with lots of blood vessels
what is the function of the endometrium
provides nutrients and oxygen for implant embryo
complete this flow diagram of hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
complete this flow diagram of hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
complete this summary flow diagram of FOLP
what is a negative feedback?
when an effect is counteracted by its own influence
what are the negative feedbacks in the hormonal production of the mensrual cycle
FSH turn oestrogen on —> oestrogen cancels out FSH
LH turns progesterone on —> progesterone cancels out LH
what is a positive feedback?
when an effect is enhanced by its own influence
what is the positive feedback in the hormonal production of the menstrual cycle
oestrogen activates LH —> activates pestrogen
what does oral contraception contain?
oestrogen or oestrogen and progesterone
what is the effect of oral contraception?
egg maturation and ovulation are inhibited
fertilisation cannot take place
why do you still get your period when taking contraception
it still makes oestrogen and progesterone which creates the endometrium
why do you need to take the contraceptive pill every day?
pituitary gland could release an egg
eggs can mature
FSH and LH will be created - risk of fertilisation
complete this flow diagram for the hormonal production of the menstrual cycle when you take the contraceptive pill
how does an implant as contraception work?
goes underneath skin of arm
can be used for up to 3 years
contains progesterone
what are the advantages of an implant as contraception?
no need to take it every day
what are the disadvantages of an implant as contraception?
operation to insert the implant underneath the skin
irregular periods
how does a patch as contraception work?
on skin
every week for 3 weeks
contains progesterone and oestrogen
what are the advantages of a patch as contraception?
no need to take every day, only once a week
what are the disadvantages of a patch as contraception?
side effects
what often causes infertility?
low FSH levels
what do fertility drugs contain?
FSH or stimulate FSH production
what are the effects of fertility drugs?
no egg maturation
fertilisation cannot take place
complete this fertility treatment flow diagram
how does IVF work?
- take fertility drugs that are used to make lots of eggs mature at the same time
- eggs are collected from the ovaries
- eggs and sperm are mixed in a petri dish
- embryos develop in a petri dish and embryos are checked under a microscope
- several healthy embryos are implanted into the uterus
if an egg is fertilised, the corpus lutem …… break down and progesterone production …..
if an egg is fertilised, the corpus lutem doesn’t break down and progesterone production continues
name gland X and hormone Y
gland X = pituitary gland
hormone Y = FSH
give two efects of the hormone oestrogen on gland X
stimulates LH
inhibits FSH production
