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Biology > The Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

The Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers that travel in theblood to activate target cells/organs

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2
Q

where are humans produced?

A

in glands

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3
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

the system of glands that produce hormones

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4
Q

which hormones are produced in the pituitary gland?

A

FSH (to do with the menstrual cycle)
LH (to do with the menstrual cycle)

ADH

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5
Q

what is the function of FSH?

A

stimulates egg development

oestrogen secretion

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6
Q

what is the function of LH?

A

stimulates ovulation

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7
Q

what is the function of ADH?

A

control water content

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8
Q

what hormone is produced in the pancreas?

A

insulin glucagon

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9
Q

what is the function of insulin glucagon?

A

lowers blood glucos levels

raises blood glucose levels

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10
Q

what hormone is prodcued in the adrenal gland?

A

adrenaline

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11
Q

what is the function of adrenaline?

A

prepares body for physical activity

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12
Q

what hormones are produced in the ovaries?

A

oestrogen

progesterone

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13
Q

what is the function of oestrogen

A

female secondary sexual characteristics

repair of endometrium (womb lining)

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14
Q

what is the function of progesterone?

A

grown of endometrium

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15
Q

what hormone is produced in the testes?

A

testosterone

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16
Q

what is the function of testosterone?

A

male secondary characteristics

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17
Q

where is FSH produced?

A

pituitary gland

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18
Q

where is insulin glucagon produced?

A

pancreas

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19
Q

where is LH produced?

A

pituitary gand

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20
Q

where is oestrogen produced?

A

ovaries

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21
Q

where is testosterone produced?

A

testes

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22
Q

where is adrenaline produced?

A

adrenal

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23
Q

where is ADH produced?

A

pituitary gland

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24
Q

where is progesterone produced?

A

ovaries

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25
Q

what is the difference between the form of message in the nervous system vs the endocrine system

A

nervous system = electrical impulses; chemical (nuerotransmitter) at synapse

endocrine system = hormones (chemicals)

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26
Q

what is the difference between the how messages are carried in the nervous system vs the endocrine system

A

nervous system: neurones

endocrine system: bloodstream

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27
Q

what is the difference between the time it takes for an effect to happen in the nervous system vs the endocrine system

A

nervous system = fast, usually instant effect

endocrine system = more slowly, takes longer to act

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28
Q

what is the difference between the duration of effect in the nervous system vs the endocrine system

A

nervous system = short lived

endocrine system = long lasting

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29
Q

what is the difference between the area of effect in the nervous system vs the endocrine system

A

nervous system = very localise (individual cells/muscle fibres)

endocrine system = can be widespread (different organs)

30
Q

ovary

A

these release eggs once a month

31
Q

oviduct

A

(=fallopian tubes) eggs pass along these tubes and fertilisation occurs here

32
Q

uterus

A

(=womb) this is where the foetus develops

33
Q

cervix

A

this is the entrance to the uterus

34
Q

vagina

A

this is where the sperm are recieved during intercourse and where the babies pass through during birth

35
Q

label this diagram of where hormones are produced

A
36
Q

label this front view of the female reprodcutive system

A
37
Q

label this side view of the female reproductive system

A
38
Q

what happens on days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

menstrual flow

39
Q

what happens on day 6-13 of the menstrual cycle?

A

egg maturation

reapir of endometrium in preparation for fertilised egg

40
Q

what happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

ovulation (release of egg

41
Q

what happens on day 15-17 of the menstrual cycle?

A

fertilisation possible

growth of endometrium

42
Q

what happens on day 18-28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

without fertilisation the egg dies

breakdwon of the endometrium at the end of the cycle

43
Q

what is the endometrium?

A

uterus lining

thick tissue with lots of blood vessels

44
Q

what is the function of the endometrium

A

provides nutrients and oxygen for implant embryo

45
Q

complete this flow diagram of hormonal control of the menstrual cycle

A
46
Q

complete this flow diagram of hormonal control of the menstrual cycle

A
47
Q

complete this summary flow diagram of FOLP

A
48
Q

what is a negative feedback?

A

when an effect is counteracted by its own influence

49
Q

what are the negative feedbacks in the hormonal production of the mensrual cycle

A

FSH turn oestrogen on —> oestrogen cancels out FSH

LH turns progesterone on —> progesterone cancels out LH

50
Q

what is a positive feedback?

A

when an effect is enhanced by its own influence

51
Q

what is the positive feedback in the hormonal production of the menstrual cycle

A

oestrogen activates LH —> activates pestrogen

52
Q

what does oral contraception contain?

A

oestrogen or oestrogen and progesterone

53
Q

what is the effect of oral contraception?

A

egg maturation and ovulation are inhibited

fertilisation cannot take place

54
Q

why do you still get your period when taking contraception

A

it still makes oestrogen and progesterone which creates the endometrium

55
Q

why do you need to take the contraceptive pill every day?

A

pituitary gland could release an egg

eggs can mature

FSH and LH will be created - risk of fertilisation

56
Q

complete this flow diagram for the hormonal production of the menstrual cycle when you take the contraceptive pill

A
57
Q

how does an implant as contraception work?

A

goes underneath skin of arm

can be used for up to 3 years

contains progesterone

58
Q

what are the advantages of an implant as contraception?

A

no need to take it every day

59
Q

what are the disadvantages of an implant as contraception?

A

operation to insert the implant underneath the skin

irregular periods

60
Q

how does a patch as contraception work?

A

on skin

every week for 3 weeks

contains progesterone and oestrogen

61
Q

what are the advantages of a patch as contraception?

A

no need to take every day, only once a week

62
Q

what are the disadvantages of a patch as contraception?

A

side effects

63
Q

what often causes infertility?

A

low FSH levels

64
Q

what do fertility drugs contain?

A

FSH or stimulate FSH production

65
Q

what are the effects of fertility drugs?

A

no egg maturation

fertilisation cannot take place

66
Q

complete this fertility treatment flow diagram

A
67
Q

how does IVF work?

A
  1. take fertility drugs that are used to make lots of eggs mature at the same time
  2. eggs are collected from the ovaries
  3. eggs and sperm are mixed in a petri dish
  4. embryos develop in a petri dish and embryos are checked under a microscope
  5. several healthy embryos are implanted into the uterus
68
Q

if an egg is fertilised, the corpus lutem …… break down and progesterone production …..

A

if an egg is fertilised, the corpus lutem doesn’t break down and progesterone production continues

69
Q

name gland X and hormone Y

A

gland X = pituitary gland

hormone Y = FSH

70
Q

give two efects of the hormone oestrogen on gland X

A

stimulates LH

inhibits FSH production

Biology (24 decks)

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