Plant Nutrition I

Question 1

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 1

carbon dioxide + water –(light / cholorphyll)-> glucose + oxygen

6CO₂ + 6H₂O —> C₆H₁₂O₆n+ 6O2

Question 2

what is chlorophyll?

Answer 2

the chemical found inside chloroplasts which allows plants to absorb light

Question 3

what are chloroplasts?

Answer 3

they contain chlorophyll

Question 4

label this chloroplasts and chlorophyll diagram

Answer 4

Question 5

why are most plants green?

Answer 5

becasue most plants don’t absorb the colour green, they reflect it

Question 6

during photosythesis … energy is absorbed by a pigment called … which can be found in the … of plant cells

this light energy is then used to convert … from the air to … from the soil into a simple sugar called …

as a by-product of photosnythesis … is made

Answer 6

during photosythesis **light **energy is absorbed by a pigment called chlorophyll which can be found in the chloroplasts of plant cells

this light energy is then used to convert **carbon dioxide **from the air to water from the soil into a simple sugar called glucose

as a by-product of photosnythesis oxygen is made

Question 7

what is the test for glucose?

Answer 7

glucose made by plants is stored in plants in the form of starch which can be tested by iodine solution which turns from brown to blue/black

Question 8

how do you test a leaf for starch?

Answer 8

1. remove a leaf from a plant
2. boil it in a test tube for 30 seconds
3. boil it in ethanol to remove colour
4. wash the now colourless leaf in cold water
5. add iodine solution

Question 9

how do demonstrate that carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis?

Answer 9

soda lime:

soda lime traps carbon dioxide by a chemical reaction and removes it from the air

leaves grown in the presence or absence of soda lime can then be tested for strach production using iodine

in the presence of carbon dioxide, leaves will turn blue/black when tested with iodine

lime water:

alternatively, the consumption of carbon dioxide can be tested using lime water

if photosynthesis has taken place, this will be less cloudy than when photosnythesis has not taken place

Question 10

how do you demonstrate that light is needed for photosynthesis?

Answer 10

by covering a section of the leaf with paper, no light can get in

light needs to be absorbed by the chlorophll to convert carbon dioxide into glucose for photosynthesis

the section of the leaf covered will remain brown (iodine solution) because no starch is present because glucose has not been made

the non-covered part of the leaf will turn blue/black when tested with iodine solution

Question 11

how do you demonstrate that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis?

Answer 11

test a green area of a leaf (with chlorophyll) with iodine solution and it will turn blue/black indicating that glucose has been made

test a white area of leaf (without chlorophyll) with iodine solution and it will remain brown (iodine colour) indicating that glucose has not been made

Question 12

how do you demonstrate that oxygen is produced in photosynthesis?

Answer 12

an underwater plant that is good at photosnythesising is placed under water and a test tube on top

the gas formed will collect at thetop of of the test tube

once full, you an test for oxygen by placing a glowing splint in the test tube

if the splint relights oxygen is present

Question 13

what is the function of a leaf?

Answer 13

to absorb light and carry out photosynthesis (chlorophyll is needed)

to import raw materials for photosynthesis (CO₂ and water)

to get rid of photosynthesis waste products (O₂)

to export products from photosynthesis to parts of the plant that need them

Question 14

label this leaf structure

Answer 14

Question 15

label this leaf cross section diagram

Answer 15

Question 16

what is the function of the waxy cuticle?

Answer 16

waterproof

reduces water loss

reduced infection by fungi

Question 17

what is the function of the upper epidermis?

Answer 17

protection

no chloroplasts

absorbs harmful light but allows light for PS to pass through

Question 18

what is the funtion of the palisade cells?

Answer 18

tightly packed, elongated

lots of chloropasts

high rate of photosynthesis

Question 19

what is the function of the spongy cells?

Answer 19

loosely packed with air spaces between cells

some chloroplasts

some photosnythesis

Question 20

what is the function of the air spaces?

Answer 20

between spngy cells

provides air channels through leaf allowing gas exchange

Question 21

what is the function of the leaf vein: xylem?

Answer 21

rigid vessels with lignin

carry water and minerals from root to stem and leaves

Question 22

what is the function of the leaf vein: phloem?

Answer 22

vessels of thin living cells

sieve tube cells that form tubes

carry dissolved sugars around the plant to points where suar is used or stored as starch

Question 23

what is the function of the guard cells?

Answer 23

change shape depending on amount of water inside

control opening and closing of stomata

Question 24

what is the function of the stomata?

Answer 24

space between guard cells

control the gas exchange and water loss from leaf

Question 25

how have leaves adapted to absorb light and carry out photosynthesis?

Answer 25

(chlorophyll is needed) lots of chloroplasts chlorophyll in palaside cells on top can absorb a lot of sunlight chloroplasts on all layers absorb all the sunlight that goes through

Question 26

how doeswater enter the stomata?

Answer 26

by osmosis

Question 27

when there is light and CO₂, does the stomata open or close? how doe sit do this?

Answer 27

opens guard cells are turgid (filled with water)

Question 28

when it is dark, there is a drought or it is cold, does the stomata open or close? why?

Answer 28

close guard cells are flaccid (not filled with water)

Question 29

how do you carry out a stomata peel observation?

Answer 29

1. apply nail vanish to bottom of leaf 2. leave for a few minutes 3. put cellotape over nail varnished area 4. gently peel off cellotaoe 5. stick cellotape on glass slide . observe under microscope

Question 30

what are the uses of glucose?

Answer 30

**photosynthesis:** CO₂+ H₂O ---\> O₂ + glucose **respiration:** glucose + O₂ ---\> CO₂ + H₂O energy release **sucrose:** nectar transport of sugar in phloem **lipids:** in cell membrane energy storage in seeds **starch:** carbohdydrates energy storage **cellulose:** cell wall **DNA:** genetic material amino acids proteins nucleotides **chlorophyll**

Question 31

what is the main point of respiration?

Answer 31

to provide energy

Question 32

what is sucrose?

Answer 32

a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose

Question 33

how is sucrose transported through the plant?

Answer 33

it dissolves in water and is transported through the phloem

Question 34

where is sucrose transported to and for what purpose?

Answer 34

all parts of the plant that don't photosynthesis can be used for respiration, storage and synthesis of other substances is the main element of nectar which is ussed to attract pollinating animals

Question 35

what is starch?

Answer 35

glucose that is not needed for respiration

Question 36

where is starch stored?

Answer 36

starch grains in cells of their stems or roots or special organs (tuber)

Question 37

why do cells convert glucose into starch?

Answer 37

so it doesn't alter the osmotic potential in cells

Question 38

what are lipids needed for?

Answer 38

building up a cell membrane

Question 39

why are lipids good for long-term energy storage in seeds?

Answer 39

they have a higher energy content than starch

Question 40

what is cellulose?

Answer 40

a polymer made up of 1000s of glucose molecules

Question 41

what is cellulose used for?

Answer 41

it forms microfibrils which are very strong and used for structural support in the plant cell wall

Question 42

what are proteins made of?

Answer 42

amino acids

Question 43

what are some proteins used for?

Answer 43

to form enzymes or structural components of the cell

Question 44

where does nitorgen come from for building amino acids?

Answer 44

it is absorbed as nitrate from the soil by the roots of the plant

Question 45

what are nucleotides made of?

Answer 45

glucose, nitrogen, phosphous

Question 46

why is DNA important?

Answer 46

there is no life without DNA DNA defines nearly all characteristics

Question 47

what material is needed to synthesis chlorophyll?

Answer 47

magnesium

Question 48

why is chlorophyll important?

Answer 48

allows plants to absorb light chlorophyll and light are needed for photosynthesis

Question 49

what is glucose's use and elements?

Answer 49

substrate for respiration C, H, O

Question 50

what is sucrose's use and elements?

Answer 50

main sugar carried in phloem also in nectar C, H, O

Question 51

what is chlorophyll's use and elements?

Answer 51

absorption of life in photosynthesis C, H, O, Mg

Question 52

what are lipid's use and elements?

Answer 52

components of cell membranes long term energy storage (seeds) C, H, O

Question 53

what is starch's use and elements?

Answer 53

storgae of carbohydrates C, H, O

Question 54

what is cellulose's use and elements?

Answer 54

component of cell walls C, H, O

Question 55

what are nuecleotide's use and elements?

Answer 55

components of DNA C, H, O, N, P

Question 56

what are amino acid's use and elements?

Answer 56

components of proteins C, H, O, N

Question 57

if plants recieve full nutirents what will their growth be like?

Answer 57

normal

Question 58

what is nitrate used for in plants and what happens if a plant lack nitrate?

Answer 58

is needed for making amino acids (these contain elements H, C, O and N) plants eed amino acids to make protein which is required for plant gworth if a plant lack nitrate then growth is stunted and the plant might have yellow leaves

Question 59

what is magnesium used for in plants and what happens if a plant lack magnesium?

Answer 59

is needed for making chlorophyll - this plays an important part in trapping the light energy during photosynthesis the colour of this pigment is yellowif a plant lacks magnesium then it will have yellow leaves

Question 60

how are soil minerals controlled and why are they controlled?

Answer 60

adding inorganic fertiliser or manure to soil extra minearls increase growth rate

Question 61

how is soil struture controlled and why is it controlled?

Answer 61

ploughing fields to break up compact soil allows better uptake of minerals and water

Question 62

how is soil pH controlled and why is it controlled?

Answer 62

adding lime to acidic soil low pH can reduce uptake of minerals

Question 63

how is water controlled and why is it controlled?

Answer 63

watering required for photosyntheiss

Question 64

how is carbon dioxide controlled and why is it controlled? required for photosynthesis

Answer 64

greenhouse (e.g. burning fossil fuels) required for photosynthesis

Question 65

how is heat controlled and why is it controlled?

Answer 65

greenhuse (e.g. burning fossil fuels) required for photosynthesis

Question 66

how is carbon dioxide controlled and why is it controlled? ## Footnote

Answer 66

greenhouse (e.g. artificial lightning) required for photosynthesis

Question 67

what features are controled when improving crop yield?

Answer 67

soil minerals soil mixture soil pH water carbon dioxide heat light

Question 68

what is tropism?

Answer 68

the growth response of a plant to a directional stimulus

Question 69

stimulus = light what is the name of response, repsonse of shoots and repsonse of roots?

Answer 69

name of response: phototropism repsonse of shoots: grow towards the light source (positive phototropism) repsonse of roots: mostly none or negative phototropism

Question 70

stimulus: gravity what is the name of response, repsonse of shoots and repsonse of roots?

Answer 70

name of response: geotropism repsonse of shoots: grow away from direction of gravity (negative geotropism) repsonse of roots: grow towards direction of gravity (positive geotropism)

Question 71

stimulus: water what is the name of response, repsonse of shoots and repsonse of roots?

Answer 71

name of response: hydroptropism repsonse of shoots: none repsonse of roots: some grow towards direction of water (positibe hydrotropism)

Question 72

stimulus: touch of an object/support what is the name of response, repsonse of shoots and repsonse of roots?

Answer 72

name of response: thigmotropism repsonse of shoots: some grow towards and bend around support (positive thigmotropism) repsonse of roots: grow away from object (Negative thigmotropism

Question 73

what is an auxin?

Answer 73

a hormone (plant growth substance) that is responsible for tropism prodcued in the tip of the shoot

Question 74

auxin diffused from the ... of the ... it is destroyed by ... accumulates on the ... side causes cell ... which leads to ... the shoot toward the light

Answer 74

auxin diffused from the **tip** of the **shoot** it is destroyed by **light** accumulates on the **shady** side causes cell **elongation** which leads to **bending** the shoot toward the light