Inheritance I Flashcards
chromosomes
a thread-like structure made of DNA
found in the nucleus
what holds two chromosomes together (sister chromatids/duplicated chromosome)
a centomere
which chromosomes are X and Y
sex chromosomes
each … chromosome consists of two identical chromosomes called …
they are held together by the …
each duplicated chromosome consists of two identical chromosomes called chromatids
they are held together by the centomere
human cells contain … chromosomes, which form … …
one pair are the two … chromosomes, … and …
male cells contain one … and one … chromosome
female cells contain … … chromosomes
of the … chromosome, … (one of each …) are inherited from your … and … from your …
human cells contain 46 chromosomes, which form 23 pairs
one pair are the two sex chromosomes, **x **and y
male cells contain one **x **and one y chromosome
female cells contain two x chromosomes
of the 46 chromosomes, 23 (one of each pair) are inherited from your mother and 23 from your father
DNA
a large molecule that contains genetic information
what structure does DNA form?
double helix structure
made up of two strands

what is the backbone of DNA made up of?
alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate
nucleotide
unit of phosphate, sugar and base
what are the base pairings of DNA?
A (adenine) with T (thymine)
G (guanine) with C (cytosine)
what are the centre bases of DNA attached to?
sugar
the … structure of DNA is like a twisted …
DNA consists of … strands of … linked together
each nucleotide consists of a …, a … (called deoxyribose) and a …
the alternating … and … form the … of each nucleotide strand
the … are in the … of the helix
there are … bases in DNA: … , … , … and …
the bases of one nucleotide strand pair with the bases of the other strand
… always pairs with …
… always pairs with …
the double-helix structure of DNA is like a twisted ladder
DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides linked together
each nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar (called deoxyribose) and a base
the alternating phosphate and sugar form the backbone of each nucleotide strand
the bases are in the **centre **of the helix
there are 4 bases in DNA: A , C , G and T
the bases of one nucleotide strand pair with the bases of the other strand
A always pairs with T
C always pairs with G
genes
a small section of DNA/ of a chromosome that contains information for making protein
what is the genetic code made of
3 bases
code (=contain the information) for one amino acis
protein - chain of amino acids
genes form … which make …
genes form protein which make characteristics
genetic code
the rules (code) by which the information encoded in DNA sequence is translates into amino acid sequence
each chromosome contains thousands of …
a … is a segment of … that contains the … for making …, which are chains of , …
the information for making a particular protein is containes with the …(=order) of the DNA …
the sequence of … bases codes for … amino acid
proteins are responsible for certain … such as eye colour
each chromosome contains thousands of genes
a gene is a segment of DNA that contains the information for making protein, which are chains of amino acids
the information for making a particular protein is containes with the **sequence **(=order) of the DNA bases
the sequence of 3 bases codes for 1 amino acid
proteins are responsible for certain characteristics such as eye colour
how do you carry out the experiment for DNA extraction
- mix 10cm3 washing up liquid and 3g falt and add this to shome chopped kiwi or onion
- place in water bath at 60oC for 15 minutes
- cool he mixture by standing it into a jug of ice water and stir with a glass rod
- filter the mixture through the funnel into a new beaker
- transfer filtrate into a test tube
- trickle some ice-cold ethanol very slowly down the side of the test tube
- leave it to stand for 3 minutes

how is DNA replicated?
step 1: the DNA double hleix gets unwound and the 2 strands seperate
step 2: new DNA strands are made by connecting free nucleotides together using the old strand as a template
step 3: the newly formed DNA double helix strands rewind into a helix agian
result of DNA replication: the newly formed DNA molecules contain one strand of the original DNAand one new strand. this is called semi-conservative replication

what do mistakes in copying DNA cause?
mutations
what is the result of mitosis?
mitosis leads to the production of two genetically identicaly cells (clones)
what is the pupose of mitosis?
to make more cells (during growth)
to replace dead ones (repair)
asexual reprocuction
where does mitosis take place?
in all body cells (except sex cells)
in bacteria and other microorganisms
in plants
what is the difference between parents needed in asexual and sexual reproduction?
asexual = 1 parent needed
sexual = 2 parents needed







































