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The Kidneys Flashcards

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1
Q

Label this diargam of the urinary system

A
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2
Q

vena cava

A

the main vein returning blood to the heart

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3
Q

renal vein

A

takes “cleaned” blood away from the kidneys

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4
Q

aorta

A

the main artery supplying oxygenated blood to the body

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5
Q

renal artery

A

brings blood containing “waste” to the kidneys

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6
Q

urethra

A

carries urine out of the body

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7
Q

ureter

A

carries urine to the bladder

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8
Q

bladder

A

muscular sac that stores urine (about 700cm3)

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9
Q

sphincter muscle

A

keeps the bladder closed

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10
Q

In diagrams, what colour is deoxygenated blood and what colour is oxygenated blood?

A

deoxygenated blood = blue

oxygenated blood = red

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11
Q

What are kidneys?

A

effieienct filtration units

kidneys clean the blood and put it back into the vena cava - waste is removed

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12
Q

What is waste and how is it removed?

A

waste = CO2, urea

waste is removed in the urine through the ureter

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13
Q

Label this “kidney connections” diagram

A
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14
Q

Label this “kidney connections” diagram

A
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15
Q

Label this structure of the kidneys diargam

A
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16
Q

medulla

A

lighter middle layer of the kidney

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17
Q

pelvis

A

central cavity which collects urine

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18
Q

cortex

A

darker outer layer

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19
Q

nephron

A

filtration unit (where urine is produced)

about 2cm long and very thin

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20
Q

How is waste removed from the body?

A

mouth (exhalation)

skin (sweat)

kidneys (urine)

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21
Q

What waste is removed from the body through the mouth (exhalation)?

A

CO2

water

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22
Q

What waste is removed from the body through the skin (sweat)?

A

urea

water

salt

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23
Q

What waste is removed from the body through the kidneys (urine)?

A

urea

water

salt

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24
Q

What is the main function of the kidney?

A

to get rid of waste such as:

urea

excess water

excess salt (mineral ions)

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25
Q

Is urea present in:

uncleaned blood

urine

cleaned blood

A

uncleaned blood: yes

urine: yes

cleaned blood: no

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26
Q

Are proteins present in:

uncleaned blood

urine

cleaned blood

A

uncleaned blood: yes

urine: no

cleaned blood: yes

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27
Q

Are red and white blood cells present in:

uncleaned blood

urine

cleaned blood

A

uncleaned blood: yes

urine: no

cleaned blood: yes

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28
Q

Is glucose present in:

uncleaned blood

urine

cleaned blood

A

uncleaned blood: yes

urine: no

cleaned blood: yes

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29
Q

Are amino acids present in:

uncleaned blood

urine

cleaned blood

A

uncleaned blood: yes

urine: no

cleaned blood: yes

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30
Q

Is salt present in:

uncleaned blood

urine

cleaned blood

A

uncleaned blood: yes

urine: yes

cleaned blood: a little

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31
Q

Is water present in:

uncleaned blood:

urine:

cleaned blood:

A

uncleaned blood: yes

urine: yes

cleaned blood: yes

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32
Q

Why is it important to remove urea?

A

it is toxic

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33
Q

Why is it important to remove excess water?

A

because of its osmotic effect

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34
Q

Why is it important to remove salt (mineral ions)?

A

because of its osmotic effect

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35
Q

How does drinking water change urine production?

A

drinking water —> high water concentration in blood –(kidneys)–> urine volume increases —> blood water concentration drops

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36
Q

How does being thirsty change urine production?

A

being thirsty —> low water concentration in blood –(kidneys)–> urine volume decreases —> blood water concentration increases

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37
Q

How does eating crisps change urine production?

A

high solute concentration in blood –(kidneys)–> urine volume decreases —> blood water concentration increases

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38
Q

As … passes through the kidneys, urea is taken out of it and passes into the …. The kidneys also regulate the amount of … and … in the blood and also make sure that the … of the blood is constant.

If you drink a lot of water, it is absorbed from your … into the … and it has an … on the blood. The diluted blood reaches the kidneys which take out … water than usual and pass it into the urine, thereby producing … urine which is more ….

If you eat a lot of … , the solute concentration in your blood …. To counteract this, the kidneys take out … water from the blood and pass it into the urine, therefore producing … urine.

This process of regulation is called ….

A

As blood passes through the kidneys, urea is taken out of it and passes into the urine. The kidneys also regulate the amount of water and salt in the blood and also make sure that the pH of the blood is constant.

If you drink a lot of water, it is absorbed from your cells into the bloodstream and it has an osmotic on the blood. The diluted blood reaches the kidneys which take out more water than usual and pass it into the urine, thereby producing more urine which is more diluted.

If you eat a lot of salt, the solute concentration in your blood increases. To counteract this, the kidneys take out less water from the blood and pass it into the urine, therefore producing less urine.

This process of regulation is called osmoregulation.

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39
Q

Label this urea production in the liver diagram

A
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40
Q

Explain what is happening in this diagram

A

protein, which is found in chicken, is made up of amino acids which are absorbed into the blood

excess amino acids cannot be stored so are first broken down in the liver

then, they are converted into carbohydrates (stored as glycogen) and the waste product urea

urea passes into the blood to be filtered out by kidneys during the formation of urine

CHECK

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41
Q

How does urine composition change when you eat a chicken?

A

the urine becomes more concentrated because there is more urea

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42
Q

Label this diagram of a the nephron

A
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43
Q

What are the two steps to urine production in the nephron?

A

step 1: ultrafiltration

step 2: selective reabsorption

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44
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

filtration at high pressure

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45
Q

Where does ultrafiltration take place?

A

in the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule)

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46
Q

What happens in ultrafiltration?

A

blood arrives at high pressure in the glomerulus

small molecules are squeezed through pores in the wall of the glomerulus and into the Bowmna’s capsule

large molecules and cells stay in the blood (they are too large to fit through the pores)

reult: filtrate containing small molecules

47
Q

Where does selective reabsorption take place?

A

in the proximal convoluted tubule

48
Q

What happens during selective reabsorption?

A

useful molecules such as glucose, amino acids and salt are re-absorbed into the blood stream by active transport

some water moves back into the blood by osmosis

urea stays in the filtrate

result: filtrate containing urea

49
Q

What is needed for active transport?

A

a carrier protein

ATP energy

a selectively permeable membrane

50
Q

Why do cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule have lots of mitochondria?

A

mitochondria respire to provide energy for active transport

51
Q

Why is urea not reabsorbed?

A

urea moves from low to high concentration - needs energy

52
Q

Are the capillary walls more or less permeable than others in the body? Why?

A

they are much more permeable

the cells of the glomerulus capillaries do not fit together very tightly and there are spaces between them

53
Q

Describe very briefly what ADH does

A

it is a hormone produced in the pituatry gland that controls the production of urine

54
Q

Which substances are present after ultrafiltration in the production of urine?

A

urea

glucose

amino acids

salt

water

55
Q

Which substances are present after selective reabsorption in the production of urine?

A

urea

some salt

water

56
Q

Which substances are present in te collecting duct in the production of urine?

A

urea

some salt

water

(check)

57
Q

Which molecule should we never find in urine. When might you find this molecule in urine?

A

glucose

if the person is diabetic

58
Q

The kidneys produce around 180 litres of filtrate in the Bowman’s capsule per day. Only 1.5 litres of the urine produced is lost from the body per day. Why is this?

A

a lot of the filtrate is reabsorbed

59
Q

Choose the correct letter to complete the following sentences. Each letter may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

The Bowman’s capsule is in region …

Ultrafiltration occurs in region …

ADH has its effect in region …

Selective reabsorption of glucose occurs in region …

A

The Bowman’s capsule is in region A

Ultrafiltration occurs in region A

ADH has its effect in region E

Selective reabsorption of glucose occurs in region B

60
Q

Name three substances contained in normal urine

A

salts

water

urea

61
Q

A person cannot make insulin. Explain why this perons’s urine may be different from normal urine

A

this person’s urine contains glucose

this glucose cannot be converted into glycogen

their cells do not absorb the glucose

62
Q

Name the parts of the nephron labelled A, B and C

A

A: Bowman’s capsule

B: Proximal convoluted tubule

C: Collecting duct

63
Q

Ultrafiltration occurs between the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule. Explain what is meant by the term ulrafiltration

A

the movement of small molecules from the blood into the kidney under pressure

64
Q

Which part of the kidney nephron is used to reabsorb the filtered glucose?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule

65
Q

Where are water levels regulated in the kidneys?

A

CHECK

66
Q

What does ADH do to the collective duct?

A

makes the collective duct more permeable to water so that more water is reabsorbed back into the blood when we are thirsty

67
Q

Give a summary of water homeostatis when we are thirsty

A

ADH secreted

collecting ducts become more permeable to water

more water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream

less urine is produced

68
Q

Give a summary of water homeostatis when drink water

A

less ADH secreted

collecting ducts become less permeable to water

less water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream

more urine is produced

69
Q

Complete the detailed water homeostatis flow diagram for being thirsty:
stimulus

receptor

integrator (set point)

effector

response

A

stimulus: low water (high solute) concentration in the blood

receptor: osmo-receptors in the hypothalamus

integrator (set point): hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release ADH (anti diuretic hormone)

effector: ADH works on collecting ducts which become more permeable to water

response: more water is reabsorbed into the blood; less urine is produced

70
Q

Complete the detailed water homeostatis flow diagram for being thirsty:
stimulus

receptor

integrator (set point)

effector

response

negative feed back loop???

A

??

71
Q

Complete the detailed water homeostatis flow diagram for drinking water:
stimulus

receptor

integrator (set point)

effector

response

A

stimulus: high water (low solute) concentration in the blood

receptor: osmo-receptors in the hypothalamus

integrator (set point): hypothalamus does not stimulate pituitary gland to release ADH (anti diuretic hormone)

effector: collecting ducts are less permeable to water

response: less water is reabsorbed into the blood; more urine is produced

72
Q

Complete the detailed water homeostatis flow diagram for drinking water:
stimulus

receptor

integrator (set point)

effector

response

negative feed back loop??

A
73
Q

As a result of exercise on a hot day, there ate changes in the volume and concentration of urine. Describe these changes in urine and explain how these changes are brought about

A

Because it is a hot day, water is lost through sweat so the water concentration in the blood is low

This is detected by the osmo-recpetors in the hypothalamus which stimulates the pituitary gland to release ADH

ADH works on the collecting ducts which become more permeable to water

In response, more water is reabsorbed into the blood and less urine is produced

Less water is in the urine

74
Q

Some substances affect the secretion of ADH. These substances increase the production of urine and are known as diuretics. Suggest how diuretics increase the production of urine

A

Some substances, such as water, excrete less ADH from the pituitary gland so the collecting ducts become less permeable to water and less water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream

As a reult, more urine is produced

75
Q

Describe how antiduiretic hormone (ADH) regulates the water content of the blood in cyclists

A

The water content of the blood decreases and so more ADH is released

The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water and more water is reabsorbed into the blood

As a result, less water is lost from the body/more concentrated urine is produced

76
Q

What is meant by homeostatis

A

the regulation of conditions inside the body despite external changes

77
Q

Name the organ that normally produces ADH

A

the pituitary gland

78
Q

How does ADH get from the pituitary gland to the kidney?

A

via the blood

79
Q

Name the part of the kidney nephron that repsonds to ADH

A

the collecting duct

80
Q

Explain why lack of ADH is a problem

A

less water is reabsorbed into the blood/ the blood becomes more concentrated

the person becomes dehydrated/ loses too much water

81
Q

Suggest what people with diabetes, who do not produce enough of the hormone ADH, must do in order to survive

A

drink lots of water

ADH tablets/injections

82
Q

Why is kidney failure a threat to life?

A

you would have unclean, toxic blood filled with urea

you would lose too much water

83
Q

What can cause kidney failure?

A

kidney infections

damaged nephrons

physical activities

84
Q

What should people with kidney problems eat?

A

less protein

less salt

85
Q

How can kidney failure be treated?

A

a kidney transpant

dialysis

86
Q

What does dialysis do?

A

it carries out the same function as the kidney

87
Q

Label this diagram of the set-up of a dialysis machine

A
88
Q

What is the function of the pump in the dialysis of machine?

A

it keeps blood moving through the dialysis machine

89
Q

In which direction is blood pumped in the dialysis machine?

A

clock-wise (vein to the artery)

90
Q

Which direction does the fluid go in the dialysis machine?

A

against the direction of the blood

91
Q

Why is blood taken from a vein in the dialysis machine?

A

the pressure is lower than from the artery

92
Q

Why is a blood thinner used in the dialysis machine?

A

the blood could otherwise clot

93
Q

Why is a warm water bath used in the dialysis machine?

A

it has to be body temperature (37oC) otherwise the red blood cells could be damaged

the warm water bath = 37oC

94
Q

What is the system in the dialysis machine? Is the concentration gradient high or low?

A

a counter-current system

high concentration gradient

95
Q

The dialysis membrane is …

A

The dialysis membrane is selectively permeable

96
Q

What is the mechanism of dialysis?

A

uncleaned blood enters the dialysis machine and flows between the dialysis membranes

dialysis fluid contains salt, glucose, amino acid and water in normal blood concentration but not urea

urea, excess salt and water diffuse from the blood through selectively-permeable membrane into the dialysis fluid

dialysis fluid containing urea is excreted as waste while cleaned blood leaves the dialysis macihne and travels back to artery

97
Q

What is in dialysis fluid that makes it work?

A

every solute in blood except urea

urea is at a high concentration in blood so it would move

98
Q

What is removed from the blood in dialysis?

A

urea

excess salt

excess water

99
Q

What processes in the dialysis machine are incolved?

A

diffusion

osmosis

100
Q

Why don’t red blood cells and proteins diffuse out of the blood?

A

they are too big to get through the pores of the dialysis membranes

101
Q

What makes the dialysis process efficient and quick?

A

high surface area

high concentration gradient

102
Q

What is the result of dialysis compared with the kidneys?

A

the result is the same

waste (urea, excess salts and water are removed)

103
Q

How are the mechanisms used in kidneys different to dialysis?

A

kidneys: ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, (active transport and osmosis)
dialysis: diffusion and osmosis

104
Q

How long does a dialysis session last?

A

5 hours

105
Q

How often does dialysis need to happen?

A

every 3 days

106
Q

What are the dietary restrictions of living with dialysis?

A

no protein

no salt

the amount of fluid which may be taken is very restricted, as the body has no way of getting rid of it

107
Q

What is the mechanism of a kidney transplant?

A

the patient (recipient) receives a single kidney from a donor

the donor kidney is placed in the abdomen and attached to the blood vessels and the ureter

108
Q

What are the problems of kidney transplants? How can these problems be overcome?

A

cuts into a major artery - can loose a lot of blood

your body could reject the transplant - give the patient immunosuppressive drugs

109
Q

Compare dialysis to a kidney transplant:

sessions

A

dialysis: regular dialysis sessions (2-3 times a week, life-long)
transplant: no dialysis sessions

110
Q

Compare dialysis to a kidney transplant:

diet

A

dialysis: restrictions in what you eat and drink
transplant: can eat and drink normally

111
Q

Compare dialysis to a kidney transplant:

cost

A

dialysis: expensive long-term
transplant: one-off expense of surgery

112
Q

Compare dialysis to a kidney transplant:

availability

A

dialysis: more readily available
transplant: requires a suitable organ donor (tissue match)

113
Q

Compare dialysis to a kidney transplant:

longevity

A

dialysis: can be done over many years
transplant: do not last for life (new transplant needed every 10 years)

114
Q

Compare dialysis to a kidney transplant:

dangers

A

dialysis: no danger of rejection, no need to take immunosuppressive drugs
transplant: danger of rejection, need to take immunosuppressive drugs (risk of infection)

Biology (24 decks)

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