Respiratory System

Question 1

trachea

Answer 1

air enters our nose or mouth and passes down the windpipe (trachea)

Question 2

bronchi

Answer 2

(singular = bronchus)

two tubes which split from the tranchea, one which leads to each lung

Question 3

bronchiole

Answer 3

smaller tubes which have been divided from each bronchus

Question 4

alveolus (-i)

Answer 4

micrscopic air sacs where air eventually ends up

here gas exchange with blood takes place

covered in blood capillaries

Question 5

diaphragm

Answer 5

a muscular sheet of tissue

helps air move in and out of lungs

Question 6

pleural membrane

Answer 6

thin moist membranes inside the thorax which surround the lungs

stop lungs sticking to ribs (they are moist)

Question 7

How does amoeba take up oxygen?

Answer 7

(organism found in ponds)

oxygen diffuses through its cell membranes

large SA:V

Question 8

How do lungs take up oxygen?

Answer 8

lungs have a very large SA

we breath so oxygen can diffuse into our blood

Question 9

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 9

gas exchange

uptake of O₂ (for respiration)

release of CO₂ (waste product)

Question 10

Label this structure of a respiratory system

Answer 10

Question 11

Label this structure of an alveloi

Answer 11

Question 12

pulmonary

Answer 12

of the lungs

Question 13

vein

Answer 13

towards the heart

Question 14

artery

Answer 14

away from the heart

Question 15

Label this gas exchange in the alveoli diagram

Answer 15

Question 16

Label this gax echange in one alveolus diagram

Answer 16

Question 17

How big is a blood cell?

Answer 17

approximately 8 µm

Question 18

How big is a blood capillary?

Answer 18

approximately 10 µm

Question 19

What is so special about the size of a blood capillary?

Answer 19

it is extremely small

blood cells have to travel single file and often on their sides because otheriwise they can’t fit

this allows diffusion time

Question 20

How is the respiratory system’s surface area adapted for efficient gas exchange?

Answer 20

very large surface area (60 cm²)

lots of capillaries - high surface area between capillaries and alveoli

Question 21

How is the respiratory system’s concentration gradient adapted for efficient gas exchange?

Answer 21

the air in the aveolus has a higher concentration of oxygen than the blood entering the capillary network - oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood

there is more carbon dioxide in the blood than there is in the air in the lungs

the concentration gradient is maintained as blood in constantly moving on - breathing in high concentration of oxygen , moving on and breathing out a low concentration

diffusion gradient for carbon dioxide is in the opposite direction to that of oxygen

blood which leaves the capillaries and flows back to the heart has gained oxygen and lost carbon dioxide

Question 22

How is the respiratory system’s diffusion distance adapted for efficient gas exchange?

Answer 22

very small distance - blood is only seperated by the cells making up the wall of the alveolus and the capillary wall itself

diffusion occurs rapidly

Question 23

How is the respiratory system adapted for efficient gas exchange? (other points)

Answer 23

surfactant and moisture (stops alveolus from sticking together when it contracts)

moisture in surfactant dissolves O₂ so it can enter the blood

Question 24

ventilation

Answer 24

breathing in and breathing out

Question 25

Complete this table

Answer 25

Question 26

Label this diagram of ribs

Answer 26

Question 27

Label this diagram of intercostal muscles

Answer 27

Question 28

What happens when you inhale?

Answer 28

diaphragm contacts (flattens) external intercostal muscles contract ribcage moves out and upward volume of chest cavity increases lungs expand pressure inside decreases air rushes into lungs to equalise pressure

Question 29

What happens when you exhale?

Answer 29

diaphragm relaxes (moves upwards) internal intercostal muscles contracts ribcage moves down and inward volume of chest cavity decreases lung volume increases pressure inside lungs increases air flows out of lungs due to high pressure

Question 30

inhilation

Answer 30

breathing in

Question 31

exhalation

Answer 31

breathing out

Question 32

Complete this inhalation diagram

Answer 32

Question 33

Complete this exhalation diagram

Answer 33

Question 34

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 34

volume of air breathed in and out in a single breath about 0.5L

Question 35

Inspiratory Resolve Volume (IRV)

Answer 35

additional volume of air taken in with the deepest breath possible up to 2L

Question 36

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Answer 36

additional volume of air that can be breathed out if we force it out up to 1.5L

Question 37

Residual Volume

Answer 37

air remaining in your lungs after a maximum exhalation about 1.5L

Question 38

Vital Capacity

Answer 38

IRV + TV + ERV the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in one breath

Question 39

Complete this air in our lungs diagram

Answer 39

Question 40

Describe what happens to the diaphragm to help a person breath

Answer 40

the diaphragm contracts; moves down/flattens

Question 41

Name A, B and C

Answer 41

Question 42

Answer 42

diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to capillary higher concentration in alveoli high to low concentration concentration lower in capillary down a concentration gradient

Question 43

What effect would emphysema have on the value of oxygen uptake

Answer 43

lower value of oxygen uptake

Question 44

Suggest how the air this person breathes can be altered to relieve the symptoms of emphysema

Answer 44

the concentration of oxygen is greater when breathed in use of oxygen cylinder

Question 45

what is inside a cigarette?

Answer 45

cadium (batteries) staeric acid (candle wax) nicotine (insecticide) ammonia (toilet cleaner) (paint) methanol (rocket fuel) carbon monoxide (car exhaust smoke) tar (road surfaces) arsenic (poison) methane (sewer gas) acetic acid (vinegar) butane (lighter fluid)

Question 46

what are the short-term effects of cigarette ingredients on the human body?

Answer 46

smelly hair smelly breath less oxygen to the brain stained teeth more coughs and colds less oxygen to lungs (shortness of breat) stained fingers

Question 47

what are the long-term affects of cigarette ingredients on the human body?

Answer 47

gym disease and tooth decay stroke mouth and throat cancer heart disease heart attack emphysema lung cancer chronic bronchitis stomach and pancreatic cancer decreased fertility peripheral vascluar diease

Question 48

where does tar build up?

Answer 48

in the lungs

Question 49

what causes emphysema and why?

Answer 49

tar chemicals in tar damage alveoli as the walls inbetween the sacs break down ---\> SA reduced ---\> less oxygen absorbed

Question 50

what causes lung cancer and why?

Answer 50

tar tar contains carcinogens

Question 51

what causes lung infections and bronchitis? why?

Answer 51

cilia paralysed so tar and mucus don't move up the throat to be coughed out or swallowed bacteria reproduce ---\> bronchitis

Question 52

what does tar cause?

Answer 52

emphysema lung cancer lung infections bronchitis

Question 53

what is nicotine?

Answer 53

addictive substance in cigarettes stimulates neurotransmiter in brain leading to more brain activity

Question 54

what does nicotine cause and why?

Answer 54

strokes and heart attacks constrict arteries reducing blood flow fat deposited in blood vessels increased blood pressure

Question 55

what does carbon monoxide cause and why?

Answer 55

tiredness, dizziness, increased heart rate binds irreversible to heamoglobin ---\> reduces oxygen (carrying ability of red blood cells) reduced birth mass ---\> foetus gets less oxygen