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Biology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

trachea

A

air enters our nose or mouth and passes down the windpipe (trachea)

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2
Q

bronchi

A

(singular = bronchus)

two tubes which split from the tranchea, one which leads to each lung

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3
Q

bronchiole

A

smaller tubes which have been divided from each bronchus

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4
Q

alveolus (-i)

A

micrscopic air sacs where air eventually ends up

here gas exchange with blood takes place

covered in blood capillaries

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5
Q

diaphragm

A

a muscular sheet of tissue

helps air move in and out of lungs

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6
Q

pleural membrane

A

thin moist membranes inside the thorax which surround the lungs

stop lungs sticking to ribs (they are moist)

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7
Q

How does amoeba take up oxygen?

A

(organism found in ponds)

oxygen diffuses through its cell membranes

large SA:V

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8
Q

How do lungs take up oxygen?

A

lungs have a very large SA

we breath so oxygen can diffuse into our blood

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9
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange

uptake of O2 (for respiration)

release of CO2 (waste product)

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10
Q

Label this structure of a respiratory system

A
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11
Q

Label this structure of an alveloi

A
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12
Q

pulmonary

A

of the lungs

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13
Q

vein

A

towards the heart

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14
Q

artery

A

away from the heart

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15
Q

Label this gas exchange in the alveoli diagram

A
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16
Q

Label this gax echange in one alveolus diagram

A
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17
Q

How big is a blood cell?

A

approximately 8 µm

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18
Q

How big is a blood capillary?

A

approximately 10 µm

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19
Q

What is so special about the size of a blood capillary?

A

it is extremely small

blood cells have to travel single file and often on their sides because otheriwise they can’t fit

this allows diffusion time

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20
Q

How is the respiratory system’s surface area adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

very large surface area (60 cm2)

lots of capillaries - high surface area between capillaries and alveoli

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21
Q

How is the respiratory system’s concentration gradient adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

the air in the aveolus has a higher concentration of oxygen than the blood entering the capillary network - oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood

there is more carbon dioxide in the blood than there is in the air in the lungs

the concentration gradient is maintained as blood in constantly moving on - breathing in high concentration of oxygen , moving on and breathing out a low concentration

diffusion gradient for carbon dioxide is in the opposite direction to that of oxygen

blood which leaves the capillaries and flows back to the heart has gained oxygen and lost carbon dioxide

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22
Q

How is the respiratory system’s diffusion distance adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

very small distance - blood is only seperated by the cells making up the wall of the alveolus and the capillary wall itself

diffusion occurs rapidly

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23
Q

How is the respiratory system adapted for efficient gas exchange? (other points)

A

surfactant and moisture (stops alveolus from sticking together when it contracts)

moisture in surfactant dissolves O2 so it can enter the blood

24
Q

ventilation

A

breathing in and breathing out

25
Q

Complete this table

A
26
Q

Label this diagram of ribs

A
27
Q

Label this diagram of intercostal muscles

A
28
Q

What happens when you inhale?

A

diaphragm contacts (flattens)

external intercostal muscles contract

ribcage moves out and upward

volume of chest cavity increases

lungs expand

pressure inside decreases

air rushes into lungs to equalise pressure

29
Q

What happens when you exhale?

A

diaphragm relaxes (moves upwards)

internal intercostal muscles contracts

ribcage moves down and inward

volume of chest cavity decreases

lung volume increases

pressure inside lungs increases

air flows out of lungs due to high pressure

30
Q

inhilation

A

breathing in

31
Q

exhalation

A

breathing out

32
Q

Complete this inhalation diagram

A
33
Q

Complete this exhalation diagram

A
34
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

volume of air breathed in and out in a single breath

about 0.5L

35
Q

Inspiratory Resolve Volume (IRV)

A

additional volume of air taken in with the deepest breath possible

up to 2L

36
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

additional volume of air that can be breathed out if we force it out

up to 1.5L

37
Q

Residual Volume

A

air remaining in your lungs after a maximum exhalation

about 1.5L

38
Q

Vital Capacity

A

IRV + TV + ERV

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in one breath

39
Q

Complete this air in our lungs diagram

A
40
Q

Describe what happens to the diaphragm to help a person breath

A

the diaphragm contracts; moves down/flattens

41
Q

Name A, B and C

A
42
Q
A

diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to capillary

higher concentration in alveoli

high to low concentration

concentration lower in capillary

down a concentration gradient

43
Q

What effect would emphysema have on the value of oxygen uptake

A

lower value of oxygen uptake

44
Q

Suggest how the air this person breathes can be altered to relieve the symptoms of emphysema

A

the concentration of oxygen is greater when breathed in

use of oxygen cylinder

45
Q

what is inside a cigarette?

A

cadium (batteries)

staeric acid (candle wax)

nicotine (insecticide)

ammonia (toilet cleaner)

(paint)

methanol (rocket fuel)

carbon monoxide (car exhaust smoke)

tar (road surfaces)

arsenic (poison)

methane (sewer gas)

acetic acid (vinegar)

butane (lighter fluid)

46
Q

what are the short-term effects of cigarette ingredients on the human body?

A

smelly hair

smelly breath

less oxygen to the brain

stained teeth

more coughs and colds

less oxygen to lungs (shortness of breat)

stained fingers

47
Q

what are the long-term affects of cigarette ingredients on the human body?

A

gym disease and tooth decay

stroke

mouth and throat cancer

heart disease

heart attack

emphysema

lung cancer

chronic bronchitis

stomach and pancreatic cancer

decreased fertility

peripheral vascluar diease

48
Q

where does tar build up?

A

in the lungs

49
Q

what causes emphysema and why?

A

tar

chemicals in tar damage alveoli as the walls inbetween the sacs break down —> SA reduced —> less oxygen absorbed

50
Q

what causes lung cancer and why?

A

tar

tar contains carcinogens

51
Q

what causes lung infections and bronchitis? why?

A

cilia paralysed so tar and mucus don’t move up the throat to be coughed out or swallowed

bacteria reproduce —> bronchitis

52
Q

what does tar cause?

A

emphysema

lung cancer

lung infections

bronchitis

53
Q

what is nicotine?

A

addictive substance in cigarettes

stimulates neurotransmiter in brain leading to more brain activity

54
Q

what does nicotine cause and why?

A

strokes and heart attacks

constrict arteries reducing blood flow

fat deposited in blood vessels

increased blood pressure

55
Q

what does carbon monoxide cause and why?

A

tiredness, dizziness, increased heart rate

binds irreversible to heamoglobin —> reduces oxygen (carrying ability of red blood cells)

reduced birth mass —> foetus gets less oxygen

Biology (24 decks)

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