Homeostatis

Question 1

what is homeostatis?

Answer 1

the maintenance of static internal environment in the body despite changes in the extrenal environment

Question 2

what factors does the body need to keep constant?

(one about plants)

Answer 2

(guard cells close when a plant loses water)

removal of waste products (e.g. CO₂ and urea)

blood pH level

body temprature control - 37⁰C

blood - water content/blood concentration

blood pressure

blood sugar

blood ion level

Question 3

label this diagram to show why temprature control is important

Answer 3

Question 4

what does hyperglycemia mean?

Answer 4

too much glucose in the blood

Question 5

what does hypoglycemia mean?

Answer 5

too little glucose in the blood

Question 6

what influences blood glucose levels to rise?

Answer 6

glucose in food and drink absorbed into blood

Question 7

what influences blood glucose levels to drop?

Answer 7

glucose moves into cells from blood and is used in respiration

Question 8

why is it important to keep blood glucose levels constant?

(talk about hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia)

Answer 8

hyperglycemia –> osmosis from cells to blood - cells shrink

hypoglycemia –> you can faint

Question 9

complete this blood glucose regulation diagram for when you eat a bar of chocolate

Answer 9

Question 10

Complete this blood glucose regulation flow diagram : when you eat a bar of chocolate

Answer 10

Question 11

complete this blood glucose regulation diagram for when you run all the way to school

Answer 11

Question 12

what are α and β cells?

Answer 12

α = alpha

β = beta

Question 13

Complete this blood glucose regulation flow diagram : when you run all the way to school

Answer 13

Question 14

what is the difference between glucose, glycogen and glucogan?

Answer 14

glucose = sugar

glycogen = polysaccharide

glucogan = hormone

tip to remember: when glucose is gone it releases glucagon

Question 15

what is diabetes?

Answer 15

occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces

Question 16

what are the symptoms of diabetes (basic)

Answer 16

frequent urination

thirst

dehydration

Question 17

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. What does autoimmune mean?

Answer 17

your immune system attacks your own cells (in this case β cells)

Question 18

how can diabetes be diagnosed/ tested?

Answer 18

a test for type 1 and 2 is urine –> you should have no glucose

you can also test your blood sugar levels

Question 19

how can type 1 diabetes be treated? (basic)

Answer 19

insulin inections

Question 20

how can type 2 diabetes be treated? (basic)

Answer 20

diet and exercise

Question 21

complete this homeostatis summary gap fill

Answer 21

Question 22

complete this diabetes diagram

Answer 22

Question 23

how many people suffer from diabetes in the UK?

Answer 23

3.2 million

Question 24

describe how the number of newly diagnosed people with diabetes has changed in the uK between 2001 and 2009

Answer 24

the number increased from approc 100,000 to 225,000

Question 25

what is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 25

deficient insulin production in the pancreas

Question 26

what causes type 1 diabetes?

Answer 26

exact cause is not known nor is it preventable with current knowledge thought it derives from the immune system attacking the insulin producing cells in pancreas

Question 27

at what age are most people diagnosed with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 27

10-14 years old

Question 28

what is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 28

body's ineffective use of insulin

Question 29

what causes type 2 diabetes?

Answer 29

caused largely by the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity

Question 30

at what age do most people develop type 2 diabetes?

Answer 30

80-89 years old

Question 31

what are some of the first symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 31

excess excretion of urine thirst constant hunger wieght loss vision change fatigue

Question 32

how can type 1 diabetes be treated?

Answer 32

replace missing insulin with insulin injections (lifetime treatment)

Question 33

how can type 2 diabetes be treated?

Answer 33

control of blood glucose levels through diet and exercise

Question 34

why can type 2 diabetes not be treated with insulin injections?

Answer 34

they already produce insulin - their bodies don't use it properly (resist it) and their muscles are unable to use glucose

Question 35

name two of the long-term consequences of suffering from diabetes?

Answer 35

increase the risk of heart disease kidney failure

Question 36

suggest why insulin has to be injected and canot be taken orally

Answer 36

it must be injected to go into the bloodstream quickly and also otherwise it would be digested in the stomach

Question 37

suggest why increasing numbers of young people develop type 2 diabetes?

Answer 37

culture chage - "couch potato" fast food, unhealthy living

Question 38

suggest how type 1 diabetes might be cured in the future

Answer 38

transplant the Islets of Langerhan into the body pancreas transplant

Question 39

what is thermoregulation?

Answer 39

the ability of the body to keep its temprature close to 37 degrees centigrade (warm blooded organisms only)

Question 40

why is thermoregulation important?

Answer 40

it means all chemical reactions taking place in the cells can go on at a steady pace at higher tempratures enzymes are destroyed: too much kinetic energy - loses its shape and falls apart (are denatured)

Question 41

what is hyperthermia?

Answer 41

what happens when the body temprature increases significantly abover 37o

Question 42

what is hypothermia?

Answer 42

what happens when the body temprature decreases significantly below 37oC you may not survive enzymes don't have enough energy (kinetic) to react

Question 43

complete this temperature control flow diagram

Answer 43

Question 44

dermis

Answer 44

makes new epidermis at the top and contains all the nerves, blood vessels, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair roots

Question 45

epidermis

Answer 45

the outside of your skin the top layer is dead and provides protection from dirt and strong sunlight the middle layer contains living cells the bottom layer is divides continually to provide new cells for the epidemis

Question 46

hair

Answer 46

made from keratin (protein)

Question 47

hair erector muscle

Answer 47

pulls hair uprights when muscle contracts

Question 48

sebaceous gland

Answer 48

produces oily substance called sebum which makes the skin waterproof, prevents it from drying out and acts as a mild antiseptic to destroy fungi and bacteria

Question 49

sensory nerves

Answer 49

help you feel pain, pressure or temperature

Question 50

skin arterioles

Answer 50

suppky skin capillaries with oxygenated blood

Question 51

skin capilaries

Answer 51

provide food and oxygen to the skin cells

Question 52

subcutaneous layer (asidpose tissue)

Answer 52

fatty tissue helps you keep warm protects your organs and bones from injury

Question 53

sweat duct

Answer 53

for transport of sweat from sweat gland to the sweat pore

Question 54

sweat gland

Answer 54

produces sweat which contains 99.5% water, 0.25% urea and 0.25% sodium chloride

Question 55

sweat pore

Answer 55

for sweat to come out 3x10⁶ of of these cover the human skin

Question 56

label this changes in skin diagram (effector of thermoregulation)

Answer 56

Question 57

using thermoregulation: why do people's skin look pale in cold weather?

Answer 57

the arterioles in the skin's surface narrow (vasoconstriction), and so there is a dramatic decrease in blood flow to the capillaries which are next to the skin (through the arterioles)

Question 58

using thermoregulation: why doe whales have a layer of adipose tissue whereas polar bears have thick fur?

Answer 58

whales live in freezing cold waters and so need the adipose tissue to keep warm. It would be impractical for wales to have fur. Similarly, fur keeps polar bears insulated as the fur traps air to keep warm. It would be impractical for polar bears to carry around too much fat.

Question 59

using thermoregulation: why do people's faces go bright red when they exercise?

Answer 59

the arterioles in the skin's surface widen (vasodilation) and so more blood flows through the arterioles into the capillaries on the skin's surface. This is done so more heat is lost by radiation

Question 60

using thermoregulation: why are hot and dry climates more pleasant to live in than hot and humid?

Answer 60

when you sweat in a dry climate, you cool down easily as sweat evaporates by diffusion down a concentration gradient. However, in a humid climate the water molecules can't evaporate which is uncomfortable.

Question 61

complete this summary gap fill on thermoregulation

Answer 61

Question 62

in terms of thermoregulation, what happens when it's too cold?

Answer 62

1. the hair erector muscle contract pulling the hair upwards. this traps air which is a poor conductor of heat and so less heat is lost 2. arterioles in skin surface narrow (vasoconstriction). less blood flows into the capillaries on the skin surface, so less heat is lost by radiation 3. sweat glands close and less sweat is produced 4. shivering 5. general increase in general metabollic rate 6. changes in behaviour (e.g. dressing, moving into sun, activity)

Question 63

in terms of thermoregulation, what is the respons when it's too hot?

Answer 63

1. hairs lie flat so more heat is lost by radiation 2. arterioles in skin widen (vasodilation). they allow more blood to flow through capillaries in skin surface. so more heat is lost by radiation 3. sweat glands open. the sweat evaporates and this cools you down 4. changes in behaviour (e.g. undressing, moving into shade)