Microbes Flashcards
1
Q
microbes
A
organisms that are microscopic (too small to be seen with the naked eye)
2
Q
pathogens
A
microbes that can cause disease
3
Q
What are the types of microbes?
A
bacteria
fungi
protoctista
viruses
4
Q
Size: fungi
yeast =
mould =
range =
A
Size: fungi
yeast = 100 µm
mould = 5 µm
range = 5 µm to several cm
5
Q
Size: protoctista
amoeba =
algae =
range =
A
amoeba = 100 µm
algae = 10 µm
range = 10 µm to several metres (e.g. algae)
6
Q
Size: bacteria
E.coli =
range =
A
Size: bacteria
E.coli = 1 µm
range = 0.2 µm to 5 µm
7
Q
Size: viruses
influenza virus =
range =
A
influenza virus = 0.1 µm
range = 0.01 µm to 2 µm
8
Q
How many millimetres are in µm?
A
µm = a thousandth of a millimetre
9
Q
Made of cells?: fungi
A
yes
10
Q
Made of cells?: protoctista
A
yes
11
Q
Made of cells?: bacteria
A
yes
12
Q
Made of cells?: viruses
A
no - they are not alive
13
Q
How many cells?: fungi
A
multicellular or unicellular (yeast)
14
Q
How many cells?: protoctista
A
most unicellular
15
Q
How many cells?: bacteria
A
uni-cellular
16
Q
How many cells?: viruses
A
not made of cells
17
Q
Structure: fungi
A
cells with cell membrane and cell wall
18
Q
Structure: protoctista
A
cells with cell membrane (some with cell wall)
19
Q
Structure: bacteria
A
cells with cell membrane and cell wall
20
Q
Structure: viruses
A
made of protein coat containing gentic material
no other cellular structure
21
Q
Nucleus?: fungi
A
yes
22
Q
Nucleus?: protoctista
A
yes
23
Q
Nucleus?: bacteria
A
no (circular chromosome in cytoplasm)
24
Q
Nucleus?: viruses
A
no (genetic material protein coat)
25
How do they reproduce?: fungi
sexual or asexual
26
How do they reproduce?: protoctista
sexual or asexual (often in host)
27
How do they reproduce?: bacteria
asexually - (binary fission)
28
How do they reproduce?: viruses
make use of a host cell's bio chemical machinery
after many virus particles have been made inside a host cell, the viral particles ar released therby destroying the host cell
29
Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: fungi
dermatophtes (Athlete's foot)
Candida albicans (thrush)
30
Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: protoctista
Plasmodium (malaria)
Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)
31
Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: bacteria
pneumococcus (pneumonia)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)
32
Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: viruses
rhino virus (common cold)
influenza virus (flu)
HIV virus (AIDS)
33
How do they cause illness?: fungi
diseases specific
34
How do they cause illness?: protoctista
diseases specific
35
How do they cause illness?: bacteria
release toxins
36
How do they cause illness?: viruses
destroy host cell
37
How can diseases be treated?: fungi
antifungal drugs
38
How do they cause illness?: protoctista
disease specific drugs (e.g. anti-malarials)
39
How do they cause illness?: bacteria
antibiotics
40
How do they cause illness?: viruses
antiviral drugs
41
Special types of bacteria called **...** can convert milk into **...**
The same bacteria can also turn milk into **...**
Even the holes in Swiss cheese are made by **...**
Blue cheese is blue because it is **...**. Types of **...** are added into the cheese to make the blue veins
Special types of bacteria called **lactobacillus** can convert milk into **yoghurt**
The same bacteria can also turn milk into **cheese**
Even the holes in Swiss cheese are made by **bacteria**
Blue cheese is blue because it is **mouldy**. Types of **fungi** are added into the cheese to make the blue veins
42
Yeast is a type of **...**
When it is added to **...** and oxygen it produces water and **...** in a process called **...**
This process is used to make bread
Yeast is a type of **fungus**
When it is added to **glucose** and oxygen it produces water and **carbon dioxide** in a process called **anaerobic respiration**
This process is used to make bread
43
When yeast respires in the absence of **...** , it produces carbon dioxide and **...** (ethanol)
This process is called **...** (anaerobic respiration) and is used to make alcoholic drinks like wine and beer
When yeast respires in the absence of **oxygen** , it produces carbon dioxide and **alcohol** (ethanol)
This process is called **fermentation** (anaerobic respiration) and is used to make alcoholic drinks like wine and beer
44
Marmite is a sticky, brown paste made from **...** extract and it is a by-product of **...**-making.
Marmite is a sticky, brown paste made from **yeast** extract and it is a by-product of **beer**-making.
45
In some countries like Brazil alcohol made from **...** can be used instead of petrol in cars
In some countries like Brazil alcohol made from **sugar cane** can be used instead of petrol in cars
46
Certain bacteria can turn alcohol into an acid called **...** which is the scientific name for vinegar
Bacteria can turn all types of alcohol into **...** including wine and cider
Vinegar can be used to make **...** in order to preserve food
Certain bacteria can turn alcohol into an acid called **acetic** which is the scientific name for vinegar
Bacteria can turn all types of alcohol into **vinegar** including wine and cider
Vinegar can be used to make **pickles** in order to preserve food
47
A type of fungi is used to make **...**
The fungi are grown in large chamber; **...** and **...** together to form blocks of **...**
This is a healthy alternative to meat because it is high in **...** but low in **...** , and as it is made from microbes, not animals, it is suitable for **...**
A type of fungi is used to make **Quorn**
The fungi are grown in large chamber; **collected** and **compressed** together to form blocks of **Quorn**
This is a healthy alternative to meat because it is high in **protein** but low in **fat** , and as it is made from microbes, not animals, it is suitable for **vegetarians**
48
Bacteria also carry out a process called **...**
They break down plants, animals and animal waste into **...** products
This process can be used in **...** works where bacteria break down the sewage in order to turn it into clean **...**
Bacteria also carry out a process called **decay**
They break down plants, animals and animal waste into **harmless** products
This process can be used in **sewage** works where bacteria break down the sewage in order to turn it into clean **water**
49
Bacteria also break down plant material to make **...** which is used in gardening to add **...** to the soil
Bacteria also break down plant material to make **compost** which is used in gardening to add **nutrients** to the soil
50
Some bacteria give out a gas called **...** when they carry out decay
This can be used as a fuel for **...** or making electricity
It is also a gas we have in our school **...**
Some bacteria give out a gas called **methane** when they carry out decay
This can be used as a fuel for **cooking** or making electricity
It is also a gas we have in our school **bunsen burner**
51
The fungus **...** produces a chemical called penicillin which acts as an **..****.**and kills**...**
The fungus **Penicillium** produces a chemical called penicillin which acts as an **antibiotic** and kills **bacteria**
52
Bacteria can be genetically modified (i.e. their genes altered) so that they make useful products, such as **...**
This process is called **...**
Bacteria can be genetically modified (i.e. their genes altered) so that they make useful products, such as **insulin**
This process is called **genetic engineering**
53
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration? What food does it make?
glucose + oxygen →(yeast)→ carbon dioxide + water + energy
makes bread
54
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration? What food does it make?
glucose →(yeast)→ carbon dioxide + alcohol + some energy
makes wine and beer
55
How do you make beer?
**Step 1:**
amylase breaks down starch in barley grains into maltose
**Step 2:**
malt is ground to grist
grist is mixed with water to extract maltose
**Step 3:**
hops is added for flavour
wort is boiled
yeast is added to ferment sugar + produce
alcohol (no oxygen is allowed in)
beer is cleared + bottled
56
What type of respiration is bacteria making yoghurt?
anaerobic respiration (lactic fermentation)
57
What is the word equation for lactic fermentation (bacteria making yoghurt)?
lactose (milk sugar) →(lactobacillus)→ lactic acid + energy
58
What does lactic acid do to milk? How?
lactic acid makes milk go sour
the low pH causes milk to clotc and curd is formed
the low pH also prevents harmful bacteria from growing
59
How do you make yoghurt?
**Step 1:** milk is pasteurised at 85oC - 95oC
**Step 2:** milk is homogenised
**Step 3:** milk is cooled and inoculated with Lactobacillus
**Step 4:** milk is incubated for several hours
**Step 5:** flavourings and fruit are added
60
What food does yeast make?
bread
wine
beer
61
What food does bacteria make?
cheese and yoghurt
