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Biology > Microbes > Flashcards

Microbes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microbes

A

organisms that are microscopic (too small to be seen with the naked eye)

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2
Q

pathogens

A

microbes that can cause disease

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3
Q

What are the types of microbes?

A

bacteria

fungi

protoctista

viruses

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4
Q

Size: fungi

yeast =

mould =

range =

A

Size: fungi

yeast = 100 µm

mould = 5 µm

range = 5 µm to several cm

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5
Q

Size: protoctista

amoeba =

algae =

range =

A

amoeba = 100 µm

algae = 10 µm

range = 10 µm to several metres (e.g. algae)

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6
Q

Size: bacteria

E.coli =

range =

A

Size: bacteria

E.coli = 1 µm

range = 0.2 µm to 5 µm

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7
Q

Size: viruses

influenza virus =

range =

A

influenza virus = 0.1 µm

range = 0.01 µm to 2 µm

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8
Q

How many millimetres are in µm?

A

µm = a thousandth of a millimetre

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9
Q

Made of cells?: fungi

A

yes

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10
Q

Made of cells?: protoctista

A

yes

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11
Q

Made of cells?: bacteria

A

yes

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12
Q

Made of cells?: viruses

A

no - they are not alive

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13
Q

How many cells?: fungi

A

multicellular or unicellular (yeast)

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14
Q

How many cells?: protoctista

A

most unicellular

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15
Q

How many cells?: bacteria

A

uni-cellular

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16
Q

How many cells?: viruses

A

not made of cells

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17
Q

Structure: fungi

A

cells with cell membrane and cell wall

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18
Q

Structure: protoctista

A

cells with cell membrane (some with cell wall)

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19
Q

Structure: bacteria

A

cells with cell membrane and cell wall

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20
Q

Structure: viruses

A

made of protein coat containing gentic material

no other cellular structure

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21
Q

Nucleus?: fungi

A

yes

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22
Q

Nucleus?: protoctista

A

yes

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23
Q

Nucleus?: bacteria

A

no (circular chromosome in cytoplasm)

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24
Q

Nucleus?: viruses

A

no (genetic material protein coat)

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25
Q

How do they reproduce?: fungi

A

sexual or asexual

26
Q

How do they reproduce?: protoctista

A

sexual or asexual (often in host)

27
Q

How do they reproduce?: bacteria

A

asexually - (binary fission)

28
Q

How do they reproduce?: viruses

A

make use of a host cell’s bio chemical machinery

after many virus particles have been made inside a host cell, the viral particles ar released therby destroying the host cell

29
Q

Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: fungi

A

dermatophtes (Athlete’s foot)

Candida albicans (thrush)

30
Q

Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: protoctista

A

Plasmodium (malaria)

Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)

31
Q

Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: bacteria

A

pneumococcus (pneumonia)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)

32
Q

Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: viruses

A

rhino virus (common cold)

influenza virus (flu)

HIV virus (AIDS)

33
Q

How do they cause illness?: fungi

A

diseases specific

34
Q

How do they cause illness?: protoctista

A

diseases specific

35
Q

How do they cause illness?: bacteria

A

release toxins

36
Q

How do they cause illness?: viruses

A

destroy host cell

37
Q

How can diseases be treated?: fungi

A

antifungal drugs

38
Q

How do they cause illness?: protoctista

A

disease specific drugs (e.g. anti-malarials)

39
Q

How do they cause illness?: bacteria

A

antibiotics

40
Q

How do they cause illness?: viruses

A

antiviral drugs

41
Q

Special types of bacteria called … can convert milk into …

The same bacteria can also turn milk into …

Even the holes in Swiss cheese are made by …

Blue cheese is blue because it is …. Types of … are added into the cheese to make the blue veins

A

Special types of bacteria called lactobacillus can convert milk into yoghurt

The same bacteria can also turn milk into cheese

Even the holes in Swiss cheese are made by bacteria

Blue cheese is blue because it is mouldy. Types of fungi are added into the cheese to make the blue veins

42
Q

Yeast is a type of …

When it is added to … and oxygen it produces water and … in a process called …

This process is used to make bread

A

Yeast is a type of fungus

When it is added to glucose and oxygen it produces water and carbon dioxide in a process called anaerobic respiration

This process is used to make bread

43
Q

When yeast respires in the absence of … , it produces carbon dioxide and … (ethanol)

This process is called … (anaerobic respiration) and is used to make alcoholic drinks like wine and beer

A

When yeast respires in the absence of oxygen , it produces carbon dioxide and alcohol (ethanol)

This process is called fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and is used to make alcoholic drinks like wine and beer

44
Q

Marmite is a sticky, brown paste made from … extract and it is a by-product of …-making.

A

Marmite is a sticky, brown paste made from yeast extract and it is a by-product of beer-making.

45
Q

In some countries like Brazil alcohol made from … can be used instead of petrol in cars

A

In some countries like Brazil alcohol made from sugar cane can be used instead of petrol in cars

46
Q

Certain bacteria can turn alcohol into an acid called … which is the scientific name for vinegar

Bacteria can turn all types of alcohol into … including wine and cider

Vinegar can be used to make … in order to preserve food

A

Certain bacteria can turn alcohol into an acid called acetic which is the scientific name for vinegar

Bacteria can turn all types of alcohol into vinegar including wine and cider

Vinegar can be used to make pickles in order to preserve food

47
Q

A type of fungi is used to make …

The fungi are grown in large chamber; … and … together to form blocks of …

This is a healthy alternative to meat because it is high in … but low in … , and as it is made from microbes, not animals, it is suitable for …

A

A type of fungi is used to make Quorn

The fungi are grown in large chamber; collected and compressed together to form blocks of Quorn

This is a healthy alternative to meat because it is high in protein but low in fat , and as it is made from microbes, not animals, it is suitable for vegetarians

48
Q

Bacteria also carry out a process called …

They break down plants, animals and animal waste into … products

This process can be used in … works where bacteria break down the sewage in order to turn it into clean …

A

Bacteria also carry out a process called decay

They break down plants, animals and animal waste into harmless products

This process can be used in sewage works where bacteria break down the sewage in order to turn it into clean water

49
Q

Bacteria also break down plant material to make … which is used in gardening to add … to the soil

A

Bacteria also break down plant material to make compost which is used in gardening to add nutrients to the soil

50
Q

Some bacteria give out a gas called … when they carry out decay

This can be used as a fuel for … or making electricity

It is also a gas we have in our school …

A

Some bacteria give out a gas called methane when they carry out decay

This can be used as a fuel for cooking or making electricity

It is also a gas we have in our school bunsen burner

51
Q

The fungus … produces a chemical called penicillin which acts as an ...and kills…

A

The fungus Penicillium produces a chemical called penicillin which acts as an antibiotic and kills bacteria

52
Q

Bacteria can be genetically modified (i.e. their genes altered) so that they make useful products, such as …

This process is called …

A

Bacteria can be genetically modified (i.e. their genes altered) so that they make useful products, such as insulin

This process is called genetic engineering

53
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration? What food does it make?

A

glucose + oxygen →(yeast)→ carbon dioxide + water + energy

makes bread

54
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration? What food does it make?

A

glucose →(yeast)→ carbon dioxide + alcohol + some energy

makes wine and beer

55
Q

How do you make beer?

A

Step 1:

amylase breaks down starch in barley grains into maltose

Step 2:

malt is ground to grist

grist is mixed with water to extract maltose

Step 3:

hops is added for flavour

wort is boiled

yeast is added to ferment sugar + produce

alcohol (no oxygen is allowed in)

beer is cleared + bottled

56
Q

What type of respiration is bacteria making yoghurt?

A

anaerobic respiration (lactic fermentation)

57
Q

What is the word equation for lactic fermentation (bacteria making yoghurt)?

A

lactose (milk sugar) →(lactobacillus)→ lactic acid + energy

58
Q

What does lactic acid do to milk? How?

A

lactic acid makes milk go sour

the low pH causes milk to clotc and curd is formed

the low pH also prevents harmful bacteria from growing

59
Q

How do you make yoghurt?

A

Step 1: milk is pasteurised at 85oC - 95oC

Step 2: milk is homogenised

Step 3: milk is cooled and inoculated with Lactobacillus

Step 4: milk is incubated for several hours

Step 5: flavourings and fruit are added

60
Q

What food does yeast make?

A

bread

wine

beer

61
Q

What food does bacteria make?

A

cheese and yoghurt

Biology (24 decks)

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