Microbes Flashcards
microbes
organisms that are microscopic (too small to be seen with the naked eye)
pathogens
microbes that can cause disease
What are the types of microbes?
bacteria
fungi
protoctista
viruses
Size: fungi
yeast =
mould =
range =
Size: fungi
yeast = 100 µm
mould = 5 µm
range = 5 µm to several cm
Size: protoctista
amoeba =
algae =
range =
amoeba = 100 µm
algae = 10 µm
range = 10 µm to several metres (e.g. algae)
Size: bacteria
E.coli =
range =
Size: bacteria
E.coli = 1 µm
range = 0.2 µm to 5 µm
Size: viruses
influenza virus =
range =
influenza virus = 0.1 µm
range = 0.01 µm to 2 µm
How many millimetres are in µm?
µm = a thousandth of a millimetre
Made of cells?: fungi
yes
Made of cells?: protoctista
yes
Made of cells?: bacteria
yes
Made of cells?: viruses
no - they are not alive
How many cells?: fungi
multicellular or unicellular (yeast)
How many cells?: protoctista
most unicellular
How many cells?: bacteria
uni-cellular
How many cells?: viruses
not made of cells
Structure: fungi
cells with cell membrane and cell wall
Structure: protoctista
cells with cell membrane (some with cell wall)
Structure: bacteria
cells with cell membrane and cell wall
Structure: viruses
made of protein coat containing gentic material
no other cellular structure
Nucleus?: fungi
yes
Nucleus?: protoctista
yes
Nucleus?: bacteria
no (circular chromosome in cytoplasm)
Nucleus?: viruses
no (genetic material protein coat)
How do they reproduce?: fungi
sexual or asexual
How do they reproduce?: protoctista
sexual or asexual (often in host)
How do they reproduce?: bacteria
asexually - (binary fission)
How do they reproduce?: viruses
make use of a host cell’s bio chemical machinery
after many virus particles have been made inside a host cell, the viral particles ar released therby destroying the host cell
Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: fungi
dermatophtes (Athlete’s foot)
Candida albicans (thrush)
Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: protoctista
Plasmodium (malaria)
Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)
Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: bacteria
pneumococcus (pneumonia)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)
Pathogenic examples and diseases these cause: viruses
rhino virus (common cold)
influenza virus (flu)
HIV virus (AIDS)
How do they cause illness?: fungi
diseases specific
How do they cause illness?: protoctista
diseases specific
How do they cause illness?: bacteria
release toxins
How do they cause illness?: viruses
destroy host cell
How can diseases be treated?: fungi
antifungal drugs
How do they cause illness?: protoctista
disease specific drugs (e.g. anti-malarials)
How do they cause illness?: bacteria
antibiotics
How do they cause illness?: viruses
antiviral drugs
Special types of bacteria called … can convert milk into …
The same bacteria can also turn milk into …
Even the holes in Swiss cheese are made by …
Blue cheese is blue because it is …. Types of … are added into the cheese to make the blue veins
Special types of bacteria called lactobacillus can convert milk into yoghurt
The same bacteria can also turn milk into cheese
Even the holes in Swiss cheese are made by bacteria
Blue cheese is blue because it is mouldy. Types of fungi are added into the cheese to make the blue veins
Yeast is a type of …
When it is added to … and oxygen it produces water and … in a process called …
This process is used to make bread
Yeast is a type of fungus
When it is added to glucose and oxygen it produces water and carbon dioxide in a process called anaerobic respiration
This process is used to make bread
When yeast respires in the absence of … , it produces carbon dioxide and … (ethanol)
This process is called … (anaerobic respiration) and is used to make alcoholic drinks like wine and beer
When yeast respires in the absence of oxygen , it produces carbon dioxide and alcohol (ethanol)
This process is called fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and is used to make alcoholic drinks like wine and beer
Marmite is a sticky, brown paste made from … extract and it is a by-product of …-making.
Marmite is a sticky, brown paste made from yeast extract and it is a by-product of beer-making.
In some countries like Brazil alcohol made from … can be used instead of petrol in cars
In some countries like Brazil alcohol made from sugar cane can be used instead of petrol in cars
Certain bacteria can turn alcohol into an acid called … which is the scientific name for vinegar
Bacteria can turn all types of alcohol into … including wine and cider
Vinegar can be used to make … in order to preserve food
Certain bacteria can turn alcohol into an acid called acetic which is the scientific name for vinegar
Bacteria can turn all types of alcohol into vinegar including wine and cider
Vinegar can be used to make pickles in order to preserve food
A type of fungi is used to make …
The fungi are grown in large chamber; … and … together to form blocks of …
This is a healthy alternative to meat because it is high in … but low in … , and as it is made from microbes, not animals, it is suitable for …
A type of fungi is used to make Quorn
The fungi are grown in large chamber; collected and compressed together to form blocks of Quorn
This is a healthy alternative to meat because it is high in protein but low in fat , and as it is made from microbes, not animals, it is suitable for vegetarians
Bacteria also carry out a process called …
They break down plants, animals and animal waste into … products
This process can be used in … works where bacteria break down the sewage in order to turn it into clean …
Bacteria also carry out a process called decay
They break down plants, animals and animal waste into harmless products
This process can be used in sewage works where bacteria break down the sewage in order to turn it into clean water
Bacteria also break down plant material to make … which is used in gardening to add … to the soil
Bacteria also break down plant material to make compost which is used in gardening to add nutrients to the soil
Some bacteria give out a gas called … when they carry out decay
This can be used as a fuel for … or making electricity
It is also a gas we have in our school …
Some bacteria give out a gas called methane when they carry out decay
This can be used as a fuel for cooking or making electricity
It is also a gas we have in our school bunsen burner
The fungus … produces a chemical called penicillin which acts as an ...and kills…
The fungus Penicillium produces a chemical called penicillin which acts as an antibiotic and kills bacteria
Bacteria can be genetically modified (i.e. their genes altered) so that they make useful products, such as …
This process is called …
Bacteria can be genetically modified (i.e. their genes altered) so that they make useful products, such as insulin
This process is called genetic engineering
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration? What food does it make?
glucose + oxygen →(yeast)→ carbon dioxide + water + energy
makes bread
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration? What food does it make?
glucose →(yeast)→ carbon dioxide + alcohol + some energy
makes wine and beer
How do you make beer?
Step 1:
amylase breaks down starch in barley grains into maltose
Step 2:
malt is ground to grist
grist is mixed with water to extract maltose
Step 3:
hops is added for flavour
wort is boiled
yeast is added to ferment sugar + produce
alcohol (no oxygen is allowed in)
beer is cleared + bottled
What type of respiration is bacteria making yoghurt?
anaerobic respiration (lactic fermentation)
What is the word equation for lactic fermentation (bacteria making yoghurt)?
lactose (milk sugar) →(lactobacillus)→ lactic acid + energy
What does lactic acid do to milk? How?
lactic acid makes milk go sour
the low pH causes milk to clotc and curd is formed
the low pH also prevents harmful bacteria from growing
How do you make yoghurt?
Step 1: milk is pasteurised at 85oC - 95oC
Step 2: milk is homogenised
Step 3: milk is cooled and inoculated with Lactobacillus
Step 4: milk is incubated for several hours
Step 5: flavourings and fruit are added
What food does yeast make?
bread
wine
beer
What food does bacteria make?
cheese and yoghurt
