Plant Nutrition II Flashcards
Complete this gap fill:
During photosynthesis … energy is absorbed by a pigment called … which can be found in the … of plant cells. This light energy is then used to convert … from the soil and … from the air into a simple sugar called …. As a by-product of photosynthesis, … is made.
During photosynthesis light energy is absorbed by a pigment called chlorophyll which can be found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. This light energy is the used to convert water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air into a simple sugar called glucose. As a by-product of photosynthesis, oxygen is made.
Is chlorophyll found in chloroplasts or are choloroplasts found in chlorophyll?
chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts
Complete this gap fill:
The … made by photosynthesis is stored in plants in form of … (which is a large molecule made of thousands of glucose molecules).
The production of … can be tested using … solution, which turns from … to …
The glucose made by photosynthesis is stored in plants in form of starch (which is a large molecule made of thousands of glucose molecules).
The production of starch can be tested using iodine solution, which turns from orange/brown to blue/black
If no photosynthesis has occured, when iodine solution is put on a leaf, what colour will the leaf be? Why?
orange/brown
no glucose or starch is present
If photosynthesis has occured, when iodine solution is put on a leaf, what colour will the leaf be? Why?
blue/black
glucose and starch is present
How do you carry out the test for starch?
- remove leaf from plant
- boil (30 seconds)
- boil ethanol for 15 minutes to remove colour
- wash the leaf with cold water
- add iodine solution
What does a leaf-vein cross-diagram look like?
Complete this gap fill:
We can test for the requirement of light by … part of the leaf with foil or card. No … should be produced in this area and so this area will remain … when tested with …
We can test for the requirement of light by covering part of the leaf with foil or card. No starch should be produced in this area and so this area will remain orange/brown when tested with iodine
Complete this gap fill:
We can test for the requirement of light by using … leaves which have no … in the white areas. No … should be produced in this area so this area will remain … when tested with …
We can test for the requirement of light by using variegated leaves which have no chlorophyll in the white areas. No starch should be produced in this area so this area will remain orange/brown when tested with iodine
Complete this gap fill:
We can test for the production of oxygen using a … plant such as …. As photosynthesis takes place … of gas becomes visible. These can be collected in a … and tested for oxygen with a … splint.
We can test for the production of oxygen using a water plant such as Elodea. As photosynthesis takes place bubbles of gas becomes visible. These can be collected in a boiling tube and tested for oxygen with a glowing splint.
Complete this gap fill:
We can test for the need for carbon dioxide using …. This traps the carbon dioxide from the … , so that it is no longer available for …. Leaves cultured in the presence of … should not turn … when test for starch using iodine.
We can test for the need for carbon dioxide using soda lime. This traps the carbon dioxide from the air , so that it is no longer available for photosynthesis. Leaves cultured in the presence of soda lime should not turn blue/black when test for starch using iodine.
Label this leaf cross-section diagram
what is the fuction of the waxy cuticle?
waterproof, reduces water loss
what is the fuction of the upper epidermis?
protection, lets light through for photosynthesis
what is the fuction of the palisade cells?
tightly packed, lots of chloroplasts, high rate of photosynthesis
what is the fuction of the spongy cells?
loosely packed, some chloroplasts, some photosynthesis
what is the fuction of the air spaces?
provide air channels through leaf for gas exchange
what is the fuction of the phloem?
carries dissolved sugar (sucrose) to rest of the plant
what is the fuction of the xylem?
carries water and minerals from roots to leaf
what is the fuction of the guard cells?
control opening and closing of stomata
what is the fuction of the stomata
control gas exchange and water loss from leaf
how are leaves adapted to carry out photosynthesis (chlorophyll needed)?
palisade cells are tightly packed, and they contain lots of chloroplasts
upper epidermis lets in lights
leaf has a large SA/V ratio, absorbs lots of light
another layer of cells underneath to get any extra light
how are leaves adapted to import raw materials for photosynthesis (water and CO2 needed)?
xylem brings water up from the roots
guard cells open up and CO2 comes in via stomata
air spaces provide channels for CO2 to access palisade cells
how are leaves adapted to get rid of photosynthesis waste products (O2)?
oxygen leaves via stomata, opened by guard cells
how are leaves adapted to export sugar from photosynthesis to parts of plant that need them (glucose)?
phloem can transport sugar
what is the leaf structure with the following function:
waterproof, prevents water loss
waxy cuticle
what is the leaf structure with the following function:
protection, lets light through photosynthesis
upper epidermis
what is the leaf structure with the following function:
tightly packed, lots of chloroplasts, high rate of photosynthesis
palisade cells
what is the leaf structure with the following function:
loosely packed, some chloroplasts, some rate of photosynthesis
spongy cells
what is the leaf structure with the following function:
provide air channels through leaf for gas exchange
air spaces
what is the leaf structure with the following function:
carries dissolved sugar (sucrose) to rest of the plant
phloem
what is the leaf structure with the following function:
carries water and minerals from roots to leaf
xylem
what is the leaf structure with the following function:
control opening and closing of stomata
guard cells
what is the leaf structure with the following function:
control gas exchange and water loss from leaf
stomata
plants, like all living organisms, need to excrete waste products
explain how the excretory product of photosynthesis is removed from the leaf
oxygen (the waste product of photosynthesis), can diffuse via the stomata to exit the leaf
explain how the structure of the leaf is adapted for its role as the organ of photosynthesis
lots of chloroplasts to absorb sunlights
large surface area
leaf is thin
upper epidermis let’s light through
tightly packed palisade cells use all the light
loosely packed spongy cells absorb all remaining light
guard cells, which control the opening and closing of the stomata, help the intake of carbon dioxide through diffusion
the xylem in the leaf veins tranports water and minerals from roots to leaf
what is the use of glucose in plants
photosynthesis
sucrose
starch
lipids
cellulose
amino acids —> proteins
nucleotides —> DNA or ATP
chlorophyll
respiration
what is sucrose made up of?
glucose and fructose
is starch stored in plants? why?
yes
it is insoluble and therefore has no osmotic effect
is glucose soluble?
yes
does glucose have an osmotic effect?
yes
what is a substrate
a molecule upon which an enzyme acts
what is the use of glucose?
substrate for respiration
what is the use of sucrose?
main sugar carried in phloem, also in nectar
what is the use of starch?
storage carbohydrate
what is the use of lipids?
components of cell membranes and long-term energy store (seeds)
what is the use of cellulose?
components of cell walls
what is the use of amino acids?
components of proteins
what is the use of nucleotides?
components of DNA
what is the use of chlorophyll?
absorption of light in photosynthesis
what are the elements of glucose?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
what are the elements of sucrose?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
what are the elements of starch?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
what are the elements of lipids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
what are the elements of cellulose?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
what are the elements of amino acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
what are the elements of nucleotides?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphate
what are the elements of chlorophyll?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Magnesium
what substance has this use:
substrate for respiration
glucose
what substance has this use:
main sugar carried in phloem, also in nectar
sucrose
what substance has this use:
storage carbohydrate
starch
what substance has this use:
components of cell membranes and long-term energy store (seeds)
lipids
what substance has this use:
components of cell walls
cellulose
what substance has this use:
components of proteins
amino acids
what substance has this use:
components of DNA
nucleotides
what substance has this use:
absorption of light in photosynthesis
chlorophyll
what are the mineral requirements of plants?
nitrogen
magnesium
phosphorous
if a plant has full nutrients, what does it look like?
green, normal growth
if a plant is without nitrogen, what does it look like?
stunted growth
yellow leaves
if a plant is without magnesium, what does it look like?
yellow leaves
if a plant is without phosphorous, what does it look like?
stunted growth
purple leaves
why do plants need nitrogen?
to make amino acids, proteins, ATP and DNA
why do plants need magnesium?
to make chlorophyll
why do plants need phosphorous?
needed to make ATP and DNA
Complete this gap fill:
Nitrogen is needed for making …. These contain the elements H, C, O and …. Plants need … to make … which are required for plant …. If a plant lacks nitrogen, its growth is …. The plant might also have … leaves.
Nitrogen is needed for making amino acids. These contain the elements H, C, O and N. Plants need amino acids to make proteins which are required for plant growth. If a plant lacks nitrogen, its growth is stunted. The plant might also have yellow leaves.
Complete this gap fill:
Magnesium is needed for making …. This plays an important part in trapping the … energy during …. The colour of this pigment is … and so the plants that lack … have … leaves.
Magnesium is needed for making chlorophyll. This plays an important part in trapping the light energy during photosynthesis. The colour of this pigment is green and so the plants that lack chlorophyll have yellow leaves.
Complete this gap fill:
Phosphorous is needed for making … and …. If a plant lacks phosphorous its growth is … similar to when it lacks …. The plant may also have a … tinge.
Phosphorous is needed for making ATP and DNA. If a plant lacks phosphorous its growth is stunted similar to when it lacks nitrogen. The plant may also have a purple tinge.
how can you increase plant growth and crop yield?
fertiliser -nitrate, phosphate, magnesium
manure
make sure they are in the sun
put them in a green house - can increase the amount of CO2
water them appropriately
if a plant has normal growth and green leaves, what nutrients does it lack?
none
it has full nutrients
if a plant has normal growth and yellow leaves, what nutrients does it lack?
magnesium
if a plant has stunted growth and yellow leaves, what nutrients does it lack?
nitrogen
if a plant has stunted growth and purple leaves, what nutrients does it lack?
phosphorous
how does water get to leaf cells?
via xylem (roots to leaf)
what is chlorophyll for and which elements does it contain?
absorption of light in photosynthesis
C, H, O, Mg
how do plants transport sugar and in what from is it transported?
phloem
dissolved sucrose
what does ethanol do in a starch test on leaves?
remove the chlorophyll so therefore removes the colour
describe an experiment where the rate of photosynthesis could be studied by measuring the volume of O2 given off
pond plant
oxygen collected in a test tube
stoma or stomata? when should each word be used?
stoma = singular
stomata = plural
how does carbon dioxide get to leaf cells?
diffusion via the stomata, opened by guard cells
air spaces within leaf
why do plants store glucose as starch?
starch is insoluble and so has no osmotic effect
how and why would you destarch a plant
is starch made in photosynthesis? need to start without starch
deprive it of light (dark room)
how and why might you remove CO2 from the air in a photosynthesis experiment?
testing for requirement of CO2 - need start without CO2
soda lime traps CO2 from air
what’s in a leaf vein?
phloem
xylem
what experiment could you do to see if chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis?
variegated leaves - no chlorophyll in the white parts
to see if glucose is made
when are the stomata open/closed and why?
always closed at night
open during day - optimum CO2
when CO2 is needed
to excrete O2
closed when really hot as it will lose too much water
where is there a high and low concentration of oxygen and what effect does this have?
palisade cells
diffusion to outside the leaf
where are fats and oils found in plants?
in seeds
what elements are found in protein?
C, H, O, N
what will plants look like if they don’t have enough magnesium? give a reason
yellow leaves
magnesium makes chlorophll which has a green pigment
what do plants look like if they do not have enough nitrate?
stunted growth
yellow leaves
do spongy mesophyll cells do photoynthesis? give a reason
yes
they have some chloroplasts
why pond weed?
testing for requirement of oxygen - easily see and collect oxygen
what do plants need to make DNA?
glucose which makes nucleotides which makes DNA
elements of C, H, O, N, PO4
if plants do not make glucose into another molecule, what else might happen to the glucose?
used in respiration
what do the letters in CORMMS stand for and what are they used for?
designing experiments
Change (i.e. independent variable, values?)
Organism (what will you keep the same about it?)
Repeat (how many?, average)
Measure (dependent variable - what you will measure)
Method (how will you measure equiptment, at what time?)
Standardisation (control variables - what 2 or 3 things will you keep the same?)
This water plant grows by increasing the number of its leaves. Many mineral ions help plants to grow. Describe how one named mineral ion helps plants to grow
nitrate, which makes amino acids which then produce proteins, allow the plant to grow as proteins are required for growth
describe the role of chloroplats in leaf cells
chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which absorb light in photosynthesis
Name the parts labelled A, B and C
A = cell wall
B = permanent vacuole
C = cytoplasm
Which of the leaves A to E matches the result you would obtain after testing leaf X and leaf Y for starch?
leaf X = C
leaf Y = A
explain what happens in a leaf when it is destarched
the starch is removed
starch has converted into glucose which has been used in respiration to release energy
describe how the green pigment in leaf cells is removed safely before testing a leaf for the presence of starch
leaf is removed from blant and then boiled in water for thirty seconds
leaf cells are then boiled in ethanol for 15 minutes in a water bath
name the chemical used to test for starch
iodine
name the pores labelled in the photographs
stomata
describe how the pores change when the plant leaf is exposed to bright light in the mornng
explain how this change benefits the plant
the stomata open when exposed to sunlight because more carbon dioxide will be in the air
plants want carbon dioixde in order to photosynthesis
Look at the results for low light intensity
What effect does changing the temperature from 5oC to 45oC have on the rate of photosynthesis?
Explain this effect
effect = the rate of photosynthesis does not change - remains the same
explanation = there is not enough light
Look at the results for high light intensity
What effect does changing the temperature from 35oC to 50oC have on the rate of photosynthesis?
Explain these effects
at first, the rate of photosynthesis increases as light energy is converted into kinetic energy for molecular movement
then, the rate of photosynthesis decreases
high temperates (above 35oC) denature enzymes in the plant cells
CO2 levels limited
level of chlorophyl molecules limited
name four factors that need to be kept the same for any comparison of the results of the investigation to be valid
the size of the plant
same CO2
same species of plant
same mass of plant
explain how growing crops in glasshouses can alter the yield of crop
the use of artificial heating = increased rate of photosynthesis
the use of additional carbon dioxide = increased rate of photosynthesis
(control/increased) temperature/ use of heating (during cold months)
(control/increased) light/ extra light (in dark months)
(control/increased) carbon dioxide
fewer pests/easier control of pests
as light intensity rises, the rate of photosynthesis … but eventaully reaches a … rate
why?
as light intensity rises, the rate of photosynthesis increases but eventaully reaches a maximum rate
this is because some other required factor is in short supply
therefore, increasing the light intensity does not affect the rate anymore
normally, what is the limiting factor?
carbon dioxide
why is carbon dioxide normally the limiting factor?
the plant can only take up CO2 and fix it into carbohydrate at a certain rate
if there is both a high light intenisty and CO2 concentration, what may be the limiting factor? why?
temperature
limits the rate of chemical reactions in the leaf
what is the rate of reaction at very low temperatures (close to OoC)
slow
what happens to the rate of photosynthesis at very high temperatures (close to 35oC)? why?
reduced
enzymes in the plant become denatures
what is the rate of photosynthesis affected by
the concentration of CO2
the availability of H2O
the intensity and hours of light
the temperature
what can the rate of photosynthesis be limited/reduced by?
the shortage of CO2
the shortage of H2O
the shortage of light
low temperature
what is a limiting factor?
any of the factors required for photosynthesis are needed at the same time so they all may be a limiting factor
what is the limiting factor in the desert?
water (H2O)
what is the limiting factor in the arctic?
temperature
what is the limiting factor in the forest?
light
what is the limiting factor in the ocean?
CO2
can plants use a lot of CO2?
yes
Complete this gap fill about increasing light intensity and limiting factors:
at first, … is the limiting factor: increasing the light intensity … the rate of photosynthesis
later, e.g. … becomes the limiting factor: increases the light intenisty … increases the rate of photosynthesis because there is … CO2
at first, light is the limiting factor: increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis
later, e.g. CO2 becomes the limiting factor: increases the light intenisty no longer increases the rate of photosynthesis because there is not enough CO2
Complete this gap fill about increasing CO2 concentration and limiting factors:
at first, … is the limiting factor: increasing the CO2 concentration … the rate of photosynthesis
later, e.g. … becomes the limiting factor: increases the CO2 concentration … increases the rate of photosynthesis because there is … light due to the time of day
at first, CO2 is the limiting factor: increasing the CO2 concentration increases the rate of photosynthesis
later, e.g. light becomes the limiting factor: increases the CO2 concentration no longer increases the rate of photosynthesis because there is not enough light due to the time of day
Complete this gap fill about increasing the temperature and limiting factors:
increasing the temperature … the rate of photosynthesis because there is more …
when the temperature gets too heigh, the rate of photosynthesis … because … involved in photosynthesis … (above approx 40oC)
increasing the temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis because there is more energy
when the temperature gets too heigh, the rate of photosynthesis drops because enzymes involved in photosynthesis denature (above approx 40oC)
draw the graphs for the rate of photosynthesis under these conditions as light intenisty increases:
1% CO2
2% CO2
0.5% CO2
draw the graphs for the rate of photosynthesis under these conditions as light intenisty increases:
20oC
30oC
60oC
draw the graphs for the rate of photosynthesis under these conditions as light intenisty increases:
20oC, 1% CO2
30oC, 2% CO2
50oC, 0.5% CO2
draw a limiting factor graph for increasing the light intensity
draw a limiting factor graph for increasing the CO2 concentration
draw a limiting factor graph for increasing the temperature
What is the plant life cycle?
pollination
fertilisation
embryo
seeds
seed dispersal
germination
mature flowering plant
Label this flower anatomy diagram
what is the male part of a flower?
stamen - anther and filament
what is the female part of a flower?
carpel- stigma, style, ovary
lable this male parts of a flower diagram
lable this male parts of a flower diagram
lable this female parts of a flower diagram
what is the funtion of the petal?
large and powerful to attract pollinators
what is the funtion of the anther?
contains pollen grains
what is the funtion of the ovule?
will become seeds when they are fertilised
what is the funtion of the filament?
hold the anthers in place
what is the funtion of the ovary?
where the ovules are
what is the funtion of the receptacle?
holds the main parts of the flower in place
what is the funtion of the stigma?
a sticky surface for pollen to land on
what is the funtion of the sepal?
protects the flower when it is in bud
what is the funtion of the style?
provides a path from the stigma to the ovary for the pollen
what is pollination?
the transfer of pollen from anther to the stigma
what is insect pollination?
transfer of pollen by insects
what is wind pollination?
transfer of pollen by wind
what is self pollination?
transfer of pollen from flower onto flower on same plant
what is cross pollination?
transfer of pollen from flower onto flower on different plant
complete this wind pollinated flower diagram
what is the difference in petals between insect pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers?
insect = usually large and brightly coloured
wind = small and green
what is the difference in stamen between insect pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers?
insect = held within the flower
wind = dangle out of the flower
what is the difference in scent between insect pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers?
insect = yes, to attract pollinators
wind = not scented
what is the difference in anthers between insect pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers?
insect = positioned within the flower
wind = held outside the flower so wind blows pollen away
what is the difference in flowers between insect pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers?
insect = in any position on plant
wind = close to the top of the plant so pollen can be blown off
what is the difference in stigma between insect pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers?
insect = sticky/enclosed, usually solid shape with 3-5 lobes, inside flower so insect brushes against it
wind = feathery to catch as much pollen as possible, hangs outside flower
what is the difference in pollen between insect pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers?
insect = small amount (as easily transferred to animal); sticky
wind = large amount (as much is lost in the wind), light (blown away in the wind)
what is the difference in nectar between insect pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers?
insect = usually contain nectar to attract insects
wind = no nectar as no need to attract insects
what is fertilisation?
the fusion of male and female gametes
what is Step 1 in fertilisation?
the pollen grain lands on the stigma
what is Step 2 in fertilisation?
the pollen grain develops a pllen tube which grows down the style and makes its way towards the ovary
the nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube
what is Step 3 in fertilisation?
the pollen nucleus reached the ovary and fuses with the ovule nucleus - forms fertilised egg/zygote
what are all the steps of fertilisation?
the pollen grain lands on the stigma
the pollen grain develops a pollen tube which grows down the style and makes its way towards the ovary
the nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube
the pollen nucleus reaches the ovary and fuses with the ovule nucleus - forms fertilised egg/zygote
what happens in development?
each fertilised ovule develop into a seed containing a plant embryo
the ovary wall sometimes develops into a fleshy fruit (or hard covering in the case of nuts) which surrounds the seeds
what is the role of the seed?
contains plant embryo and food store which provides energy for the embryo to grow
what is the role of the fruit?
for seed dispersal (e.g. gets eaten by animals)
what types of seed dispersal by animals are there?
hitch hikers
take-aways
juicy fruits
what happens in seed dispersal by hitch hikers?
hooks catching animal coats
e.g. cleavers
what happens in seed dispersal by take-aways?
gets carried away and burried
e.g. nuts
what happens in seed dispersal by juicy fruits?
gets eaten and excreted
e.g. berries
what types of seed dispersal by wind are there?
helicopters
parachutes
what happens in seed dispersal by helicopters?
wings help seed flly away
e.g. sycamore
what happens in seed dispersal by parachutes?
catch the wind
e.g. dandelion
how are seeds dispersed?
animals
wind
water
plant itself
why do seeds need to be dispersed?
for new plants to have enough space, water and light
less competition
what types of seed dispersal by water are there?
boats
what happens in seed dispersal by boat?
light and waterproof
e.g. coconuts
what types of seed dispersal by plant itself are there?
pepperpods
exploders
what happens in seed dispersal by pepperpods?
shaken by wind so seeds fall out
e.g. poppy seeds
what happens in seed dispersal by exploders?
pods dry and flick seeds out
e.g. bean pods
what is germination?
the development of a plant from a dormant seed
what are the steps of germination?
seeds take in water
food store breaks down and is used for growth
first root and first leaves appear
seedling starts to grow
what conditions are needed for germination?
water - rehydrates seed
temperature - allows enxymes to work better
oxygen - allows respiration to occur (energy for growth)
(light)
once leaves begin to appear, what happens to the plant and food store?
the plant does not need to rely upon food store for growth
large and powerful to attract pollinators
petal
contains pollen grains
anther
will become seeds when they are fertilised
ovule
holds the anthers in place
filament
where the ovules are
ovary
holds main parts of flower in place
receptacle
a sticky surface for pollen to land on
stigma
protects the flower when it is in bud
sepal
provides a path from the stigma to the ovary for the pollen
style
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
petals = small and green
wind
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
nectar = usually contain nectar to attract insects
insect
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
scent = yes, to attract pollinators
insect
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
stamen = dangle out of the flower
wind
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
flowers = in any position on plant
insect
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
stigma = feathery to catch as much pollen as possible, hangs outside flower
wind
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
pollen = large amount (as much is lost in the wind), light (blown away in the wind)
wind
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
nectar = no nectar as no need to attract insects
wind
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
pollen = large amount (as much is lost in the wind), light (blown away in the wind)
wind
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
stigma = sticky/enclosed, usually solid shape with 3-5 lobes, inside flower so insect brushes against it
insect
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
petals = usually large and brightly coloured
insect
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
stamen = held within the flower
insect
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
anthers = held outside the flower so wind blows pollen away
wind
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
flowers = close to the top of the plant so pollen can be blown off
wind
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
pollen = small amount (as easily transferred to animal); sticky
insect
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
anthers = positioned within the flower
insect
is this a wind or insect pollinated flower?
scent = not scented
wind
what is the chemical formula for carbonic acid?
H2CO3
complete this diagram about monitoring carbon dioxide concentration during photosynthesis
high levels of CO2 = … rate of photosynthesis
high levels of CO2 = low rate of photosynthesis
low levels of CO2 = … rate of photosynthesis
low levels of CO2 = high rate of photosynthesis
algae are in the Kingdom …
algae are in the Kingdom Protoctista
algal balls are:
unicellular or consisting of small colonies
plant-like: have chloroplasts and do photosynthesis
what factors affect the rate of photosynthesis in algal balls
light intensity
colour of light
number of algae balls
what is step 1 in making algal balls?
step 1: mixing the algae with the sodium alginate jelly
how do you carry step 1 in making algal balls?
pour 5cm3 of jelly (sodium alginate solution) into a very small beaker
add 5cm3 of concentrated algal cells
stir the mixture with a clean cocktail stick until it is evenly distributed
what is step 2 in making algal balls?
making algae balls
how do you carry step 2 in making algal balls?
pour the green mixture through an open-ended syringe into a 2% solution of calcium chloride (CaCl2)
swirl the CaCl2 gently as the drops fall through the syringe to form small balls of algae
leave for 10-15 mins in the CaCl2 and then wash the balls with distilled water by usung a plastic strainer
what is step 3 in making algal balls?
setting up the experiment
how do you carry step 3 in making algal balls?
take several small containers with lids and rinse them with a small volume of hydrogen carbonate indicator
add algal balls to each container and label the container with tiny hand-writing
add a standard volume of indicator to each container and replace the lid
place the containers in different conditions according to your investigation plan until the next lesson
what is step 4 in making algal balls?
analysing your results
how do you carry step 4 in making algal balls?
compare the colours in your containers with those of the standard buffers
how do you make algal balls?
- pour 5cm3 of jelly (sodium alginate solution) into a very small beaker
- add 5cm3 of concentrated algal cells
- stir the mixture with a clean cocktail stick until it is evenly distributed
- pour the green mixture through an open-ended syringe into a 2% solution of calcium chloride (CaCl2)
- swirl the CaCl2 gently as the drops fall through the syringe to form small balls of algae
- leave for 10-15 mins in the CaCl2 and then wash the balls with distilled water by usung a plastic strainer
- take several small containers with lids and rinse them with a small volume of hydrogen carbonate indicator
- add algal balls to each container and label the container with tiny hand-writing
- add a standard volume of indicator to each container and replace the lid
- place the containers in different conditions according to your investigation plan until the next lesson
- compare the colours in your containers with those of the standard buffers
when does respiration happen?
all the time in plants
during the day, temperature … and so the enzymes have … … energy (… collisions) and so a … rate of respiration
during the day, temperature rises and so the enzymes have more kinetic energy (more collisions) and so a highter rate of respiration
all living things get ther energy they need from …, the … reaction that … energy from …
all living things get ther energy they need from respiration, the chemical reaction that releases energy from glucose
what releases energy in respiration
glucose
if plants stop respiring, what will happen? why?
they will die because they won’t have sufficient energy to carry out essential cellular processes (e.g. making new molecules)
what is the equation for respiration?
glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide, water + ATP energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy
how do animals obtain the glucose needed for respiration?
through nutrition
how do plants obtain the glucose needed for respiration?
photosynthesis
what is some of the glucose produced in photosynthesus used for?
respiration to release energy needed (e.g. for plant growth)
what is the equation for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water —(light)–> glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O —(light)–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
photosynthesis only occurs when?
when plants are in the light
does photosynthesis occur all the time?
no
in dark conditions does respiration take place?
yes
in dark conditions does photosynthesis take place?
no
photosynthesis rate is lower than the rate of respiration
in dark conditions what is the overall gas exchange in palisade cells?
O2 taken in
CO2 released
in bright light conditions does respiration take place?
yes
in bright light conditions does photosynthesis take place?
yes
photosynthesis rare is higher that rate of respiration
in bright light conditions what is the overall gas exchange in palisade cells?
O2 released
CO2 taken in
in dim light conditions does respiration take place?
yes
in dim light conditions does photosynthesis take place?
some
photosynthesis rate equals the rate of respiration
in dim light conditions what is the overall gas exchange in palisade cells?
O2 taken in and released
CO2 taken in and released
what does a graph showing the rate of respiration and the rate of photosynthesis throughtout the day look like?
what are compensation points on a graph showing the rate of respiration and the rate of photosynthesis throughtout the day?
where the rate of respiration equals the rate of photosynthesis
how are water and mineral ions taken into the roots of a plant?
water is taken up into the root hair cells by osmosis
mineral ions are taken up into the root hair cells by active transport - root hair cells have got many mitochondria to provide energy for this
label these root hair cell diagrams
how does water transport from the roots to the leaves?
water rises from the roots to the leaves through the xylem vessels by capillary action
what is adhesion?
water molecules are attracted to capillary wall
what is cohesion?
water molecules are attracted to each other
label this xylem vessel diagram
how tall can trees get?
115 metres
how does water evaporate from the leaves?
water molecules leave the xylem and enter leaf
water molecules diffuse through spongy cell layer into air spaces
water evaporates through stomata into surrounding air
label this diagram of a leaf
what is transpiration?
loss of water vapour from the leaves
what is the function of stomata?
gas exchange (CO2 in, CO2 out)
transpiration (water out)
what are the pros of transpiration?
allows evaporation from leaf, which cools the leaf
what are the cons of transpiration?
too much transpiration can dry out the leaf
what is the transpiration stream?
a continuos flow of water that has been ‘pulled’ up the xylem in the stem and roots through transpiration
stoma open when water moves into the … by ….
stoma open when water moves into the guard cells vacuoles by osmosis
when/ why does the stoma close? what does it look like?
when/ why does the stoma open? what does it look like?
how does light effect transpiration and why?
rate of transpiration increases in light as stomata opens in the leaves
how does temprature effect transpiration and why?
high temperature = increase in rate of transpiration as water evaporates from the mesophyll cells
how does humidity effect transpiration and why?
humid air = decrease in rate of transpiration
dry air = increase in rate of transpiration
if the air around the plant is humid then the diffusion gradient between air spaces in the leaf and the external air decreases
how does wind speed effect transpiration and why?
rate of transpiration increases with faster air movements across the surface of the leaf as moving air removes any water vapur which might remain near the stomata this moist air would otherwise reduce the diffusion gradient and slow down diffusions
how do plants prevent too much water loss?
closing of stomata
havy a waxy cuticle
stomata only on bottom leaf
wilting
what device can you use to measure transpiration?
a potometer
how do you measure transpiration?
a potometer is set up with a freshly cut shoot placed in the open end of the tube
he rubber bungs are made air tight using vaseline to prevent evaporation from the potometer
as water movesup through the plant and evaporates via the stomata, the air bubble moves along the scale giving a meausre of water absorbed by the plant over time and hence the transpiration rate
label this water cycle diagram
which is true?
A = the xylem transports water and dissolved ions, the phloem transports only water
B = the xylem transports water and sugars, the phloem transports dissolved ions
C = the xylem transports sugars and dissolved ions, the phloem transports only water
D = the xylem transports water and dissolved ions, the phloem transports sugars
D
the rate of respiration is higher when it is:
A = warm, windy and dry
B = warm, windy and wet
C = cold, windy and dry
D = warm, still and dry
A
water and sugards are transported through plants in the following directions:
A = water upwards and downwards, sugars upwards only
B = water downwards only, sugars upwards and downwards
C = water upwards only, sugar upwards and downwards
D = water upwards and downwards, sugars downwards only
C
two useful adaptions are (i) having root hair cells and (ii) having stomata on the lower epidermis of the leaves. Why is this useful?
there is a large SA for absorption of water
reduced exposure to the sun reduces water evaporation from leaves
in light, water … the guard cells, which become … and … the stomata
in light, water enters the guard cells, which become turgid and open the stomata
what is tropism?
the growth response of a plat to a directional stimulus
what is the name of the response to the stimulus: light
phototropism
what is the name of the response to the stimulus: gravity
geotropism
what is the name of the response to the stimulus: water
hyrdotropism
what is the name of the response to the stimulus: touch
thigmo-tropism
what is the repsonse of the shoots to light?
grow towards light source (positive phototropism)
what is the repsonse of the roots to light?
mostly none or grow away from light (negative phototropism)
what is the repsonse of the shoots to gravity?
grow away from direction of gravity (negative geotropism)
what is the repsonse of the roots to gravity?
grow towards direction of gravity (positive geotropism)
what is the repsonse of the shoots to water?
none
what is the repsonse of the roots to water?
some grow towards direction of water (positive hydrotropism)
what is the repsonse of the shoots to touch?
some grow towards and bend around support (positive thigmo-tropism)
what is the repsonse of the roots to touch?
grow away from object (negative thigmo-tropism)
what is auxin?
hormone (plant growth substace) that is responsible for tropism
where is auxin produced?
in the tip of the shoot
how does auxin control tropism?
produced in the tip of shoot
diffused from the tip to the shoot
destroyed by light
accumulates on the shady side
causes cell elongation which leads to bending of the shoot towards the light
what device detects gravity?
a clinostat
what is the conclusion of this experiment?
in response to light the shoot grows and bends towards light source
what is the conclusion of this experiment?
the tip is needed for growing and bending
(we know, Darwin did not, that the tip is needed for production of auxin)
what is the conclusion of this experiment?
bottom of shoot is not needed for growth
what is the conclusion of this experiment?
tip is needed to detect light for bending but not for the growing of the shoot
what is the conclusion of this experiment?
(the tip is transparent)
light is the stimulus
what is the conclusion of this experiment?
a water soluble chemical is involved in bending
chemical is made in tip and diffuses to region below the tip
what is the conclusion of this experiment?
bending occurs where chemical has diffused
what is the conclusion of this experiment?
bending occurs where chemical has diffused
chemical that diffuses is responsible for bending
is the tip needed for growing and bending towards light source?
yes
is the bottom of the shoot needed for growth?
no
is the tip needed for the growing of the shoot?
no
is the tip needed for detecting light?
yes
is a water soluble chemical needed for bending?
yes
where does bending occur?
where the water soluble chemical has diffused
Design an experiment to test the effect of light intensty on the rate of photosynthesis in the water plant Elodea
Change the light intenisty, e.g. 5 different light intenisties in a range 1-5 (independent variable)
Use the same Elodea plant/ Elodea of same age/ Elodea of same mass
Repeat the experiment at each light intenisty 3 times and average results
Measure the volume of oxygen poduced/number of bubbles of oxygen (dependent variable) using a measuring cyclinder or count the bubbles visually (or with a bubble counter)
Keep the temperature the same/ same level of carbon dioxide/ same amount of minerals/ same pH of water (control variables)
Name the structures labelled A and B
A = stigma
B = anther
Describe the events that follow pollination and how the lead to seed formation
fertilisation follows pollination
fertilisation is the fusion of male and female gametes
first, the pollen grain lands on the stigma
them, the pollen grain develops a pollen tbe which grows down the style and makes its ways towards the ovary
the nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube
then, the pollen nucleus reaches the ovary and fuses with the ovule nucleus which forms the fertilised egg
the fertilised ovule then develops into a seed
which number labels the anther?
3
using the information in the photograph, suggest why this flower does not pollinate itself
the anther and stigma are not close to each other
what does the term cloned mean?
genetically identical
complete this word fill:
micropropagation is sometimes known as tissue …. Small peices of plants called … are grown on nutirent jelly. All procedures must be carried out under … conditions to make sure that there are no fungi or … present. The small peices of plants grow because the cells … and then develop into new plants
micropropagation is sometimes known as tissue culture. Small peices of plants called explants are grown on nutirent jelly. All procedures must be carried out under sterile conditions to make sure that there are no fungi or bacteria present. The small peices of plants grow because the cells divide and then develop into new plants
describe two feautures seen in the diagram that show this is a wind-pollinated flow
the stigma is feathery
the anthers is held outside the flower
suggest one way in which the pollen from wind-pollinated flowers is different from the pollen produced by insect-pollinted flowers
pollen grains are light so they can be blown away easily
Design an experiment you could carry out to find out if the distance seeds are sown apart affects the growth of the young plants they produce
sow the seeds at different distances apart (independent variable)
use the same species of seed/ same age of seed
repeat the experiment at each distance 3 times and average results
measure the growth of the seeds : height/ length/mass/ number of leaves
measure after a certain period of time, e.g. two months
keep the same light intensity, volume of water, soil, temperature, nutrients, pH
explain why the gametes in a single plant are genetically different from each other and also different from the cells in the rest of the plant
gametes are make by meiosis
recombination of alleles mean the number of chromosomes are halved as gametes are haploids
suggest one advantage of self-pollination compared with cross-pollination
good chance of pollination as no vector is needed
suggest one disadvantage of self-pollination compared with cross-pollination
less variation
Name the gas contained in the bubbles
oxygen
Suggest how Patrick could change the light intensity in this investigation
change the lamp distance
change the bulb wattage
change the number of lamps
Name five variable that Patrick would keep constant
the temperature
the concentration of carbon dioxide
the volume of water
the mass/size/amount of pondweed
the species of pond weed
Patrick measured the rate of gas production by counting the bubbles released in a minute. SUggest a more accurate way of measuring the rate of gas production
use a measuring cylinder
Suggest and explain how this experiment could be modified to improve the accuracy of the measurements made
control the temperature using a thermostatically controlled water bath/ digital thermometer
use a measuring cyclinder to measure how many bubbles were produced
Suggest a hypothesis for Ian’s investigation
light intensity affects CO2 levels/ gas exhange/ photosynthesis
State the purpose of Tube D in the investigation
to allow valid comparison/to see if indicator changes with no leaf/ colour change is due to leaf. to see if gas exchage happens without the leaf
explain the change in colour of indicator in Tube A
more photosynthesis than respiration - less CO2 absorbed
explain the change in colour of indicator in Tube B
respiration released CO2, no photosynthesis means no CO2 was absorbed
explain the change in colour of indicator in Tube C
respiration equals photosynthesis - same level of CO2
explain the change in colour of indicator in Tube D
there was no leaf for respiration or photosynthesis
why is limewater not a suitable indictor for an experiment investigating how gas exchange in a plant changes with light intensity
limewater only shows an increase in CO2 and cannot show a decrease in CO2 or the amount of CO2
name 9 factors that affect rate of water los from plants
temperature
light intensity
humidity
wind
specied of plant
surface area of leaves
number of leaves
size of leaves
number of stomata
What is the shape of the epidermis cells in Leaf A and Leaf B?
Leaf A = regular/ hexagonal/ straight sides/ oval/ round
Leaf B = irregular/ wavy/ curvy/ flaccis/ plasmolysed
describe how a potometer is used to measure the rate of water loss
the air bubble moves a distance along the ruler giving a measure of water absorbed by the plant over time which is measured by a timer
describe a precaution you should take to make sure a potometer works correctly
make sure it is airtight
describe how you could a potometer to show the rate of water loss from a leafy shoot changes with a higher wind speed
place a fan by the leaf and vary the speed by lowering the speed or turning the fan off compared with having the fan on
use the same plant/ leaf area
keep the temperature and light intensity the same
describe an investigation you would carry out to find out how temperature affects the rate of transpiration in a leafy shoot
different temperatures (independent variable)
same species / mass / number of leaves
repeat each temperature and calculate an average
measure bubble movement / water uptake / potometer (independent variable)
measure the time taken (independent variable)
same humidity / carbon dioxide / light intesnity/ wind (control variable)
what part of the leaf cell is where the food is made?
chloroplast
draw a root hair cell
how does the shape of a root hair cell help it take in water
long
large surface area
more water can be absorbed
describe the process by which water enters a root hair cell
has selectively permeable membrane
water enters root hair cells by osmosis
the root hair cell is hypertonic to the surrounding soil water - this means that it has a lower water potential
water moves from area of high water potential to areas of low water potential
the stem and roots of plant respond to the stimulus gravity
describe the responses and suggest how they help plants to survive
the shoots of the plant grow away from the direction of gravity (negative geotropism) which means they have access to light so they can photosynthesis
the roots of the plant gow towards the direction of gravity (positive geotropism) which means they are anchored and can take up water from the soil
how is auxin incolved in positive phototropism
auxin accumalates on the shady side and causes cell elongation
name three advantages of the seedling toot responding positively to gravity
can obtain water from soil
can obtain mineral and nutrients from soil
anchors plant
How do you remember the plant life cycle?
P please = pollination
F feed = fertilisation
E every = embryo
S single = seeds
S solitary D dog = seed dispersal
G give = germination
M meat = mature flowering plant
what is the symbol and word equation for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water –(light, chlorophyll) –> glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
