Heart, blood, vessels Flashcards
Why do we need a circulatory system but amoeba don’t?
we are multicellular - every cell requires oxygen and glucose
carbon dioxide must be removed
big diffusion distance to the outside from the inside of our body
amoeba can diffuse as it has a small diffusion distance, doesn’t need a system to bring oxygen to the cell
we need a circulatory system to carry oxygen and glucose around the body
what are the components of the circulatory system and their functions?
heart = pump
blood vessels = transport route
blood = transport medium
when given a diagram of the heart and talking about the left and right side, which side is which?
make the diagram your heart
i.e. your left is the left side, your right is the right side
what is the biggest artery in the body?
aorta
what is the biggest vein in the body?
vena cava
what is the plural of atrium?
atria
Label this structure of a heart
Label this coronary artery
What are the two circulations in the double circulatory system
pulmonary circulation
systematic circulation
what does pulmonary circulation do?
pulmanory circulation: transports blood to and from the lungs to exchange O2 and CO2 with air
what does systematic circulation do?
systematic circulation: transports blood to and from body to exchange O2 and CO2 with body cells
put these in order starting with left atrium:
left atrium / vena cava / aorta / lungs / left ventricle / right atrium / pulmonary vein / right ventricle / pumonary artery /
left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary vein
what do valves do?
stop blood going backwards
what is heart rate?
beats per minute
what is the normalheart rate of a person at rest?
60
what is stroke volume?
volume of blood pumped per minute
how does exercise effect the heart rate?
muscles need more energy
rate of respiration increases
more oxygen and glucose needed
heart rate and force of beat (increases stroke volume) increases
what is the equation for respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy
how does stress/ anger/ fear effect heart rate?
“fight or flight” response - adrenaline makes heart beat faster
Fill in this blood flow through the heart diagram
what does AV stand for when talking about the heart?
atrioventricular valves
describe the process of the control of heart rate
osmoreceptors in aorta sense CO2 levels
cardiac centre in medulla recieves information via sensory nerve
cardiac centre sends nerve impulses via accelerator or decelorator nerves
pacemaker reacts and increases (or decreases) heart rate and force of eart beat –> blood pressure increases (or decreases)
Label this control of heart rate diagram
what are the effects of adrenaline on heart rate
adrenaline released from the adrenal glands stimulates the pacemaker to increase heart rate
Label this adrenaline and heart diagram
What happens when there is a blockage of the coronary artery?
bloosupply to area of hert muscle cut off
less oxygen and glucose reaches heart muscle
area of heart muscle cannot respire
–> heart attack (angina)
Label this coronary heart disease diagram
what are some risk factors of heart disease?
heredity (genetics)
diet of processed foods
high blood pressure
smoking
stress
lack of exercise
what are the effects of smoking on diseases of the heart?
smoking
high blood pressure
high transfats/high carbohydrates
these lead to damage arteries –> plaque builds up to repair arteries –> heart disease
name two blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
pulmonary artery
aorta
what does hepatic mean?
of the liver
what does renal mean?
of the kidney
Label this blood circulation through the body diagram
Fill in this types of blood vessels table
where
(order = artery, vein , capilary)
artery: take oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body
vein: brings deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body
capillary: small vessels between arteries and veins for exchange of oxygen, CO2 and nutrients with cells (everywhere)
Fill in this types of blood vessels table
blood pressure
(order = artery, vein , capilary)
artery: high
vein: low
capillary: low
Fill in this types of blood vessels table
blood
(order = artery, vein , capilary)
artery: oxygenated, bright red
vein: deoxygenated, deep purple-red
capilary: red to purple red
Fill in this types of blood vessels table
structure
(order = artery, vein , capilary)
artery:
thick, elastic muscular wall
small lumen (diameter of artery)
vein:
thin wall with little elastic or muscle tissue
large lumen
capilary:
thin wall (one layer of endothelial cells)
very small lumes (RBCs travel single file)
Fill in this types of blood vessels table
valves
(order = artery, vein , capilary)
artery: no (exception - pulmonary artery and aorta)
vein: yes
capilary: no (too small)
Fill in this types of blood vessels table
diameter
(order = artery, vein , capilary)
artery: varies (2mm - 2cm)
vein: varies (4mm - 2.5-3cm)
capilary: 8µm-10µm
Fill in this types of blood vessels table
Label this vein
what is a small/baby artery?
ateriole
what is urea?
a small, toxic molecule
what is a small/baby vein?
venule
Label this diagram of capillaries
why do veins have valves?
to stop backflow of blood because of low pressure
why are capillaries walls only 1 cell layer thick?
shorter diffusion distance
why do arteries have muscular walls?
to keep blood pressure high?
which one is the only artery that dosn’t look bright red/
pulmonary artery
why is injuring an artery more dangerous than injuring a vein?
higher blood pressure in arteries - lose alot of blood (life threatening)
why is no body cell more than 0.05mm away from a capillary?
minimise diffusion distance
what colour is oxygenated blood in diagrams?
red
what colour is deoxygenated blood in diagrams?
blue
Label this blood supply in the womb diagram
what is the main function of the placenta?
to carry offspring
oxygen supply and glucose, vitamine, minerals
(top tip - nae the nutrients as shown above, sometimes just saying ‘nutrients’ doesn’t count)
explain briefly how oxygen passs from the mother to the baby
oxygen diffuses from the mother’s capillaries –> intervillous space –> diffuses into villi –> moves into fetal viens
blood is circulated between mother and baby is not shared
what functions does the placenta have?
hormone production - information to mother and baby, progesterone to stop menstruation during pregnancy
development so the embryo may grow
stops large molecules/ microbes (bacteria viruses) getting to fetus
why is it important that the mother’s and fetus’ blood supply doesn’t mix?
the fetus, although not protected by harmful substance like microbes, is protected from infections from the mother and negative reactions from the mother’s immune system (immune system doesn’t attack baby)
why can it be harmful for the developing baby if the mother smokes
cigarretes contain carbon monoxide which causes reduced birth mass as the fetus gets less oxygen
there is less oxygen in the mother’s blood which is circulated between mother and baby
small babies don’t survive as well
label this composition of the blood diagram
what is plasma?
the liquid part of the blood
what is in plasma?
water (90%)
glucose
amino acids
mineral ions
CO2
urea
proteins (e.g.) - antibodies, hormones, clotting factors
carries heat around body
what are leukocytes (leucocytes)?
white blood cells (cellular component of blood)
how do leukocytes defend against disease?
phagocytes injest pathogens
what do lymphocytes in leukocytes do?
produce antibodies
what are platelets sometimes called?
thrombocytes
what are platelets involved in?
blood clotting
what do platelets produce?
fibrin
label this blood clot diagram (platelts)
HIgh levels of blood cholesterol can lead to narrowing of arteries. Suggest how this might affect the ability of the heart to function
less blood
less glucose
less (aerobic) respiration/more anaerobic respiration
lactic acid
increase in rate/heart works harder
increase in pressure
coronary artery
angina
clot
death/heart disease/heart attack
fill in the blanks:
Antibiotic solution is given to the patient through a tube. The tube is connected to a vein in the arm of the patient using a needle. It is connected to a vein rather than an artery because veins have lower …… than arteries. The antibiotic travels to the heart in the largest vein in the body called the ….. . It enters a chamber called the right atrium, and passes to the right ….. before being pumped to the lungs in the …… artery. The antibiotic returns to the heart and eventually leaves the heart in the aorta, the largest ….. in the body. The antibiotic is then carried to the tissues where it leaves the smallest blood vessels called ….. . The antibiotic then kills pathogens called …… that were responsibile for the patient being very ill.
Antibiotic solution is given to the patient through a tube. The tube is connected to a vein in the arm of the patient using a needle. It is connected to a vein rather than an artery because veins have lower pressure than arteries. The antibiotic travels to the heart in the largest vein in the body called the vena cava. It enters a chamber called the right atrium, and passes to the right ventricle before being pumped to the lungs in the pulmonary artery. The antibiotic returns to the heart and eventually leaves the heart in the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The antibiotic is then carried to the tissues where it leaves the smallest blood vessels called capillaries. The antibiotic then kills pathogens called **bacteria **that were responsibile for the patient being very ill.
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells
What is the function of the haemoglobin in red blood cells?
transports oxygen
What is the function of not haveing a nuecleus in red blood cells?
more space for the haemoglobin
What is the function of the bioncave shape of red blood cells?
large SA/V ration
short diffusion distance
What is the function of the thin membrane in red blood cells?
short diffusion distance
What are four diseases of the blood?
sickle cell anaemia
iron deficiency anaemia
haemophilia
leukaemia
What are the symptoms of sickle cell anaemia?
red blood cells become sickle shape - useless at carrying oxygen
tiredness
sore joint
pale eyelids, mouth and palms
What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia?
dizzy
tiredness
What happens if you have haemophilia? Who can get haemophilia?
only boys can get haemophilia because it acts on the x chromosome so girls, who have two, are protected (very rare for a woman to get it)
you don’t have enough clotting factors so you don’t stop bleeding
What is leukaemia?
lots of lymphocytes (white blood cells) which become cancerous
