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Biology > Inheritance II > Flashcards

Inheritance II Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the order of mitosis?

A

end of interphase

prophase

prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

(cytokinesis)

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2
Q

what is the difference between having cytokinesis in mitosis and not?

A

interphase to telophase is nuclear division (Mitosis)

interphase to cytokinesis is cell division

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3
Q

what are two centrioles called?

A

one centomere (aster)

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4
Q

what happens during the end of interphase?

A

DNA is already dulpicated

chromosomes are decondesed (unravelled)

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5
Q

what happens during prophase?

A

chromosomes condense and become visible

centromes seperate and begin to form spindle

  • centrioles make spindle fibres
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6
Q

what happens during prometaphase?

A

nuclear membrane breaks down

chromosomes attach to spindle fibres

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7
Q

what happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle

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8
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A

centromeres split and chromatids are pulled to the poles of the cell

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9
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

nucleae membranes reform

a furrow starts to divide the cytoplasm

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10
Q

what happens during cytokinesis

A

follows mitosis

chromosomes decondense (unravel)

nuclear membranes full formed

division of cytoplasm is complete

two genetically identical daughter cells made

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11
Q

label this end of interphase diagram

A
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12
Q

label this prophase diagram

A
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13
Q

label this prometaphase diagram

A
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14
Q

label this metaphase

A
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15
Q

label this anaphase diagram

A
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16
Q

label this telophase diagram

A
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17
Q

label this cytokinesis diagram

A
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18
Q

what is the point of mitosis?

A

make new cells to replace dead/damaged cells (i.e. repair)

to make new cells grow

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19
Q

where in the body does mitosis happen and which cells are involved?

A

mitosis occurs in all tissues of the body

some aread have a high rate of mitosis - skin, blood (red blood cells live for about 3 months), intestine cells (cells lining villi)

some areas have a very low rate of mitosis - neurones

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20
Q

complete this diagram to show the chromosomes in each daughter cell

what is the diploid number of the parent cell?

A

diploid number of parent cell = 4

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21
Q

how does the increase in temperature affect thetime taken for cell division to occur?

A

the time taken decrease

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22
Q

starting with one cell at 250, how many cells would there be after:

2 hours

8 hours

A

2 hours = 2

8 hours = 16

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23
Q

how many sets of chromosomes does a diploid have?

A

2

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24
Q

how many sets of chromosomes does a haploid have?

A

1

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25
Q

what are haploids?

A

egg or sperm

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26
Q

why is meisos needed when we make gametes?

A

making gametes (haploid - 23 chromosomes) from diploid cells (46 chromosomes)

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27
Q

complete this diagram of how to make gametes

A
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28
Q

what is the order of meisos?

A

interphase 1

prophase 1 and prometaphase 1

metaphase 1

anaphase 1

telophase and cytokinesis 1

prophase 2 and prometaphase 2

metaphase 2

anaphase 2

telophase and cytokinesis 2

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29
Q

what happens during interphase 1?

A

chromosomes duplicate (interphase)

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30
Q

what happens during prophase 1 and prometaphase 1?

A

prophase 1:

chromosomes condense and become visible

chromosomes pair up (in homologous pairs)

crossing-over of DNA occurs

prometaphase 1:

nuclear membrane breaks down

spindle beings to form

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31
Q

what happens during metaphase 1?

A

chromosomes pairs align on equator of spindle

chromosomes independantly assorted on spindle (randomly placed)

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32
Q

what happens during anaphase 1?

A

spindle fibres contract, pulling homologous chromosomes to poles of cell

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33
Q

what happens during telophase 1 and cytokinesis 1?

A

telophase 1:

nuclear membrane reform

cytokinesis 1:

furrow forms and seperates the two daughter cells

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34
Q

what happens during prophase 2 and prometaphase 2?

A

prophase 2:

chromosomes are already condensed

prometaphase 2:

nuclear membranes break down

spindles begin to form

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35
Q

what happens during metaphase 2?

A

chromosomes align at equator of spindle

(the difference between metaphase 2 and mitosis is that crossing-over has occured)

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36
Q

what happens during anaphase 2?

A

spindle fibres contract pulling the chromatids to the poles of the cell

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37
Q

what happens during telophase 2 and cytokinesis 2?

A

telophase 2:

nuclear membranes form

chromosomes decondense

cytokinesis 2:

furrows seperate 2 x 2 daughter cells

4 haploid cells have been produced

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38
Q

label this interphase 1 diagram

A
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39
Q

label this prophase 1 and prometaphase 1 diagram

A
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40
Q

label this metaphase 1 diagram

A
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41
Q

label this anaphase 1 daigram

A
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42
Q

label this telophase 1 and cytokinesis 1 diagram

A
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43
Q

recall the prophase 2 and prometaphase 2 diagram

A
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44
Q

recall the metaphase 2 diagram

A
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45
Q

label this anaphase 2 diagram

A
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46
Q

label this telophase 2 and cytokinesis 2 diagram

A
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47
Q

what is chiasmata?

A

sites of crossing over

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48
Q

how is cell division 2 different to cell division 1?

A

genetically identical daughter cells are not made in cell division 2 because of crossing over

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49
Q

what happens as a result of crossing over?

A

chromosomes are recombinant due to crossing over

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50
Q

what happens as a result of independant assortment?

A

each new cell has a mixture of paternal and maternal chromosomes

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51
Q

what is the result of meiosis?

A

4 haploid cells, each with ie set (23) of chromosomes

the 4 new cells are not genetically identical

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52
Q

where does mitosis take place?

A

whole body

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53
Q

where does meiosis take place?

A

ovaries

testes

54
Q

how many rounds of cell division are there in mitosis?

A

one

55
Q

how many rounds of cell division are there is meiosis?

A

2

56
Q

what happens to the chromosome number in mitosis?

A

stays the same

46 –> 46

57
Q

what happens to the chromosome nmber in mieosis?

A

halved

46 –> 23

58
Q

are parents and daughter cells genetically identical in mitosis?

A

yes

59
Q

are parents and daughter cells genetically identical in meiosis?

A

no

60
Q

are daughter cells identical in mitosis?

A

yes

61
Q

are daughter cells identical in mieosis?

A

no

62
Q

are cancer cells mitosis or meiosis?

A

mitosis

63
Q

are cells in the testes forming sperm mitosis or meiosis?

A

meiosis

64
Q

are cells in the lining of the small intestine to replace lost cells mitosis or meiosis?

A

mitosis

65
Q

are the cells in the bone marrow dividing to form red and white blood cells mitosis or meiosis?

A

mitosis

66
Q

are cells in anther of a flower diving to form pollen mitosis or meiosis?

A

meiosis

67
Q

is a zygote dividing to form an embryo mitosis or meiosis?

A

mitosis

68
Q

is this mitosis or meiosis? why?

A

meiosis

chromosomes have halved

69
Q

is this mitosis or meisis? why?

A

mitosis

chromsmes have stayed the same

70
Q

what is variation?

A

(small) differences between members of the same species

71
Q

what is genetic variation?

A

differences caused by genes inherited from parents

72
Q

what is environmental variation?

A

differences caused by the environment

73
Q

complete this genetic variation tree diagram

A
74
Q

each homologous chromosome has the same ……………

(e.g. ….)

A

type of genes

(e.g. both have genes for eye colour, earlobe, shape etc…)

75
Q

chromosomes from father and mother might have different ………..

(e.g. ….)

A

versiones of genes ( = alleles)

(e.g. alleles for brown or blue eyes)

76
Q

some alleles are ….. and over other alleles (e.g. the “brown eye” allele is …… over the “blue eye” allele)

A

dominant

dominant

77
Q

in humans, how many chromososmes are from the mother and how many are fro the father?

A

23 chromosomes from mother

23 chromosomes from father

78
Q

allele

A

a version of a gene

79
Q

dominant allele

A

only 1 copy is necessary for characteristic to be shown

80
Q

recessive allele

A

2 recessive alleles are needed (no dominant allele present) for characteristic to be shown

81
Q

genotype

A

the genetic make-up

i.e. which alleles are present

82
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 identical alleles

83
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 different alleles

84
Q

phenotype

A

the characteristic that is shown

85
Q

co-dominant

A

both alleles contribute to the phenotype, so that both characteristics are present at the same time

86
Q

which is dominant and which is recessive?

“brown eye” allele

“blue eye” allele

A

“brown eye” allele is dominant

“blue eye” allele is recessive

87
Q

which is dominant and which is recessive?

“unnatached earlobe” allele

“attached earlobe” allele

A

“unnatached earlobe” allele is dominant

“attached earlobe” allele is recessive

88
Q

which is dominant and which is recessive?

“non-tongue rolling” allele

“tongue rolling” allele

A

“tongue rolling” allele is dominant

“non-tongue rolling” allele is recessive

89
Q

which two chromosomes do women give and which two do men give?

A

women = XX

men = XY

90
Q

if one parent has the “brown eye” allele and one has the “blue eye” allele then what colour eyes will their offsrping have? why?

A

brown eyes

this is the dominant allele

91
Q

is both parents have the attached ear lobe allele then what type of ears will their offspring have? why?

A

attached

although it is recessive it is the only allele available

92
Q

if the father gives an X chromosome then what sex will the child be? why?

A

female (XX)

XX is the only available option as the mother also gives X

93
Q

if the father gives a Y chromosome then what sex will the child be? why?

A

male (XY)

the mother gave an X and the father gave a Y

94
Q

if a white feather allele chicken mates with a black feather allele chicken then what colour will their offspring be? why?

A

speckled (black and white)

co-domincance

95
Q

if the mother gives a haemoglobin allele and the father gives a sickle haemoglocin allele then what will their offspring have? why?

A

normal and sickle red blood cells

co-dominance

96
Q

which blood groups are co-dominant and which are recessive?

A

blood group A and B are co-dominant and blood group O is recessive

97
Q

if the mother is blood group A and the father is group A then what blood group will their offspring be?

A

blood group A

98
Q

if the mother is blood group B and the father is group B then what blood group will their offspring be?

A

blood group B

99
Q

if the mother is blood group A and the father is group B then what blood group will their offspring be?

A

blood group AB

100
Q

if the mother is blood group O and the father is group O then what blood group will their offspring be?

A

blood group O

101
Q

if the mother is blood group O and the father is group B then what blood group will their offspring be?

A

blood group B

102
Q

if the mother is blood group A and the father is group O then what blood group will their offspring be?

A

blood group A

103
Q

complete this blood group chart

A
104
Q

what is a punnett square?

A

a diagram showing a genetic cross

105
Q

which allele is represent in lower case and which with upper case?

A

dominant = upper case

recessive = lower case

106
Q

complete this punnett square

A
107
Q

complete this punnett square

A
108
Q

complete this punnett square

A
109
Q

how do you set out a genetic cross?

A
110
Q
A
111
Q

QUESTION

A

probability is zero

both parents must be DD

dd parents are sterile

neither parent has d/ recessive allele

(ignore the term ‘gene’)

112
Q
A
113
Q
A
114
Q

the symptoms of hungtington’s disease doesn’t appear until middle age (around 40)

suggest why this makes it unlikely that the disease will every disappear from the population

A

would already have children/ gene already passed on

didn’t know they were carriers of the disease

115
Q
A
116
Q

which part of the cell contains genetic information?

A

nucleus / chromosomes

117
Q

name the molecule that genetic material is made from

A

DNA

118
Q

a pregant woman asked her doctor about the chances of her baby being a boy

the doctor said there was an equal chance of the baby being a boy or girl

complete a genetic cross to explain why the doctor said this

A
119
Q

what did Gregor Mendel discover about inheritance?

A

characteristics have a genetic ratio of 3:1

120
Q

what is a Pedigree Tree?

A

a family tree that records and traces the occurence of a characteristic in a family

121
Q

what is a mutation?

A

changes in the order of bases in the DNA

122
Q

what is mutagen?

A

an agent that causes mutations

123
Q

what is a genetic disease?

A

a condition or illness caused by mutations in genes or chromosomes

124
Q

are all mutations changes in the proteins made?

A

no

there can be silent mutations

125
Q

what is a chromosome mutation?

A

a change in the number of chromosomes

126
Q

most mutations are …

some mutatins are …

very few mutations are …

A

most mutations are harmful

some mutatins are neutral

very few mutations are beneficial

127
Q

what can mutations give rise to and what are some examples of this?

A

genetic diseases

e.g. albanis, cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, Methemoglobinemia, sickle cell anaemia, achondroplasia, colour blindness, haemophilia

128
Q

give some examples of causes of mutations

A

ionizing radiation - X ray, UV, gamma rays

chemicals - tabacco smoke

viruses

errors in mitosis and meisos

129
Q

can dominant alleles be rare and recessive alleles be common?

A

yes

130
Q

complete this genetic variation/mutations tree

A
131
Q

complete this eye colour pedigree tree

A
132
Q

complete this tongue rolling pedigree tree

A

Biology (24 decks)

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