The Human Brain II

Question 1

What are the 3 planes used in brain anatomy?

Answer 1

Coronal, sagittal and horizontal

Question 2

What are the 4 major sections of the brain?

Answer 2

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem
• Diencephalon

Question 3

What is the brainstem composed of?

Answer 3

• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Mesencephalon

Question 4

What does the pons have in association with the cerebellum?

Answer 4

Peduncles to the cerebellum

Question 5

What does the pons have peduncles to?

Answer 5

The cerebellum

Question 6

The brain stem has ______________ nuclei

Answer 6

“housekeeping”

Fulfil roles that are fundamentally important

Question 7

What is the name given to the region at which ascending and descending pathway decussate in the medulla oblongata?

Answer 7

The pyramids

Question 8

What occurs at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 8

Decussation

Question 9

What are the nuclei found in the medulla oblongata associated with?

Answer 9

Control

Question 10

What nuclei from the medulla oblongata have an input to the cerebellum?

Answer 10

Olivary nuclei

Question 11

What is the inferior olivary nucleus involved with?

Answer 11

Motor control

Question 12

What is the superior olivary nucleus involved with?

Answer 12

Hearing

Question 13

Which olivary nucleus is involved with hearing?

Answer 13

Superior

Question 14

What would large lesions in the medulla oblongata result in?

Answer 14

Death

Question 15

The pons

Answer 15

• Connects to the cerebellum via peduncles
• Contains respiratory centres
• Lots of fibre tracts

Question 16

What does the cerebellum have to do with the fourth ventricle?

Answer 16

The cerebellum forms the roof of the fourth ventricle

Question 17

What would you see if you took a parasagittal section of the cerebllum

Answer 17

Folia

Question 18

What are the layers of the cerebellum?

Answer 18

• Molecular layer
• Purkinje cell layer
• Granule cell layer
• White matter of folium

Question 19

What is arbor vitae?

Answer 19

The white matter of folium in the cerebellum

Question 20

What are the roles of the cerebellum?

Answer 20

• Muscle tone
• Coordination
• Motor error checking
• Learning (ride a bike)

Question 21

What is cerebellar ataxia?

Answer 21

When the cerebellum is inflamed or damaged. Leads to loss of cerebellar neurones giving jerky, imprecise movements

Question 22

What is a symptom of cerebellar ataxia?

Answer 22

Jerky, imprecise movements

Question 23

What is the mesencephalon classed as?

Answer 23

Part of the brainstem

Question 24

How is the mesencephalon associated with the cerebrum?

Answer 24

Cerebral peduncels

Question 25

What is the tectum (on dorsal side) of the mesencephalon made up of?

Answer 25

Superior and inferior colliculi

Question 26

What do two pairs of colliculi make up?

Answer 26

Corpora quadrigemina

Question 27

The superior colliculi receives signals from where?

Answer 27

Retina

Question 28

The inferior colliculi is involved in what?

Answer 28

Auditory system

Question 29

What is the corpora quadrinogemina? Where is it?

Answer 29

Two superior colliculi and two inferior colliculi. Mesencephalon

Question 30

Which structures are present in the mesencephalon?

Answer 30

- Substantia nigra | - Nucleus Ruber

Question 31

Which disease is the substantial nigra associated with?

Answer 31

Parkinson's disease

Question 32

What are the substantial nigra and nucleus ruler important in?

Answer 32

Regulation of movement

Question 33

What is the reticular formation?

Answer 33

Set of nuclei in the brainstem

Question 34

What is the reticular activating system?

Answer 34

Set of connected nuclei involved in: - Circadian rhythm - Alertness - Emotion

Question 35

What is the diencephalon a part of? Forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain?

Answer 35

The forebrain

Question 36

What does the diencephalon link?

Answer 36

Midbrain and cerebrum

Question 37

What links the midbrain and cerebrum?

Answer 37

The diencephalon

Question 38

What is the thalamus?

Answer 38

Processing and relay centre

Question 39

Which is the only sense that doesn't pass through the thalamus?

Answer 39

Smell

Question 40

Does the thalamus have a role in motor output?

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

Does the thalamus have a role in arousal and emotion?

Answer 41

Yes

Question 42

What is the pineal gland?

Answer 42

An endocrine organ which is a single structure

Question 43

What is the unique about the pineal gland?

Answer 43

It is the only brain structure that is not paired

Question 44

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 44

Melatonin and seratonin

Question 45

Roles of the hypothalamus

Answer 45

Wide variety of roles | - eating, drinking, sexual behaviour, stress etc.

Question 46

What would cerebellar lesions/ataxia lead to?

Answer 46

Loss of fine control, jerky movements