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Neuroscience > Developmental Milestones in Brains > Flashcards

Developmental Milestones in Brains Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs at 10 weeks?

A

Cerebral expansion and commissures

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2
Q

When are basic structures established?

A

At 3 months

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3
Q

When does CNS myelination begin?

A

5 months

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4
Q

What develops at 7 months?

A

Lobed cerebrum

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5
Q

When do gyro and sulci form?

A

At 9 months

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6
Q

What is the order of myelination?

A

PNS —> Spinal cord —> Brain

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7
Q

What changes occur in myelin over time?

A

The composition
Galactolipids increase
Protein componenets increase

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8
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella

A

Abnormalities depend on time of maternal infection

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9
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella. What happens when infected in 6th week?

A

Eye malformations e.g. cataracts

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10
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella. What happens when infected in 9th week?

A

Deafeness

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11
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella. What happens when infected in 5-10 weeks?

A

Cardiac malformations

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12
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella. What happens when infected in 2nd trimester?

A

CNS disorder

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13
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella. When does the risk fall?

A

After 16 weeks

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14
Q

When does foetal alcohol syndrome occur?

A

When the mother consumes alcohol whilst pregnant and the alcohol crosses the placenta

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15
Q

How is foetal alcohol syndrome caused?

A

Alcohol crosses placenta but foetus doesn’t have the mechanisms to clear the alcohol as well as the mother does i.e. detoxification in liver

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16
Q

Symptoms of FAS

A
  • Facial abnormalities
  • Microcephaly
  • Loss of cells
  • Callosal agenesis
  • Irritability
  • Disturbed cellular migration
  • Motor and intellectual impairment
17
Q

What is callosal agenesis? What can it be caused by?

A

When the corpus callosum fails to form properly or at all. Foetal alcohol syndrome

18
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

When the head size is much smaller due to brain not developing properly

19
Q

Give some examples of drugs of abuse

A
  • Cocaine
  • Opiates
  • Ecstasy
  • Cannabis
20
Q

How can taking cocaine affect foetus?

A

Hypoxia, abortion, withdrawal, decreased cognitive ability

21
Q

How can taking opiates affect foetus?

A

Neonatal withdrawal

22
Q

What did Rhesus monkey studies show?

A

Dependency on drugs

23
Q

How can taking ecstasy affect you?

A

Long-term effects on hippocampus

24
Q

How can taking cannabis affect you?

A

Long-term cognitive effects

25
Q

What needs to be to be developed for a developing foetus to feel pain?

A

Connections in the nervous system need to be laid down. Somatosensory inputs needed, connection of receptors, sensory neurones, thalamus and cortex

26
Q

Development of Sensation: 6-8 weeks

A

Subdermal innervation, thalamus forms, dorsal root ganglia connect to spinal cord

27
Q

Development of Sensation: 14-16 weeks

A

Retinal inputs

28
Q

Development of Sensation: 9+ weeks

A

C-fibres connected

29
Q

What are C-fibres responsible for?

A

Carrying noxious information

30
Q

Development of Sensation: 23 weeks

A

Reflex response to noxious stimuli

31
Q

Development of Sensation: 26-29 weeks

A

Evoked potentials in cortex, facial responses to heel lancing, innervation of dermal skin

32
Q

Development of Sensation: Taste and smell

A
  • Well-developed at birth
  • Can differentiate mother/non-mother breast
  • Bottle-fed prefer any lactating female
33
Q

Development of Sensation: Hearing

A
  • Responsive at birth
  • Excellent discrimination of language sounds
  • Locate sounds from 3 days
34
Q

Development of Sensation: Vision

A
  • Eyes open and sensitive from 7 months
  • Least well-developed at time of birth
  • Retinal cells sparse and not mature
  • Optic nerves not myelinated
  • Vision sharpens at 6 months - development of ocular dominance columns
  • Colour vision develops - good at 2 months
35
Q

Why is vision not so developed at time of birth?

A

Retinal cells sparse and not mature
Optic nerves not myelinated
Ocular dominance columns need to develop

36
Q

Post-natal reflexes: Moro(startle) reflex

A

Baby supine - remove head support

  • trunk extension
  • cycle of limb extension and limb flexion
37
Q

What is the babinski reflex?

A

Stroke sole of foot
- in babies, toes spread out
Adults curl their toes

38
Q

How can the babinski reflex be used for adults?

A

If adults fan their toes it could be a sign of descending motor tract damage

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