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Neuroscience > Developmental Milestones in Brains > Flashcards

Developmental Milestones in Brains Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs at 10 weeks?

A

Cerebral expansion and commissures

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2
Q

When are basic structures established?

A

At 3 months

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3
Q

When does CNS myelination begin?

A

5 months

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4
Q

What develops at 7 months?

A

Lobed cerebrum

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5
Q

When do gyro and sulci form?

A

At 9 months

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6
Q

What is the order of myelination?

A

PNS —> Spinal cord —> Brain

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7
Q

What changes occur in myelin over time?

A

The composition
Galactolipids increase
Protein componenets increase

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8
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella

A

Abnormalities depend on time of maternal infection

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9
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella. What happens when infected in 6th week?

A

Eye malformations e.g. cataracts

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10
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella. What happens when infected in 9th week?

A

Deafeness

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11
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella. What happens when infected in 5-10 weeks?

A

Cardiac malformations

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12
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella. What happens when infected in 2nd trimester?

A

CNS disorder

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13
Q

Critical Periods in Development: Rubella. When does the risk fall?

A

After 16 weeks

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14
Q

When does foetal alcohol syndrome occur?

A

When the mother consumes alcohol whilst pregnant and the alcohol crosses the placenta

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15
Q

How is foetal alcohol syndrome caused?

A

Alcohol crosses placenta but foetus doesn’t have the mechanisms to clear the alcohol as well as the mother does i.e. detoxification in liver

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16
Q

Symptoms of FAS

A
  • Facial abnormalities
  • Microcephaly
  • Loss of cells
  • Callosal agenesis
  • Irritability
  • Disturbed cellular migration
  • Motor and intellectual impairment
17
Q

What is callosal agenesis? What can it be caused by?

A

When the corpus callosum fails to form properly or at all. Foetal alcohol syndrome

18
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

When the head size is much smaller due to brain not developing properly

19
Q

Give some examples of drugs of abuse

A
  • Cocaine
  • Opiates
  • Ecstasy
  • Cannabis
20
Q

How can taking cocaine affect foetus?

A

Hypoxia, abortion, withdrawal, decreased cognitive ability

21
Q

How can taking opiates affect foetus?

A

Neonatal withdrawal

22
Q

What did Rhesus monkey studies show?

A

Dependency on drugs

23
Q

How can taking ecstasy affect you?

A

Long-term effects on hippocampus

24
Q

How can taking cannabis affect you?

A

Long-term cognitive effects

25
What needs to be to be developed for a developing foetus to feel pain?
Connections in the nervous system need to be laid down. Somatosensory inputs needed, connection of receptors, sensory neurones, thalamus and cortex
26
Development of Sensation: 6-8 weeks
Subdermal innervation, thalamus forms, dorsal root ganglia connect to spinal cord
27
Development of Sensation: 14-16 weeks
Retinal inputs
28
Development of Sensation: 9+ weeks
C-fibres connected
29
What are C-fibres responsible for?
Carrying noxious information
30
Development of Sensation: 23 weeks
Reflex response to noxious stimuli
31
Development of Sensation: 26-29 weeks
Evoked potentials in cortex, facial responses to heel lancing, innervation of dermal skin
32
Development of Sensation: Taste and smell
- Well-developed at birth - Can differentiate mother/non-mother breast - Bottle-fed prefer any lactating female
33
Development of Sensation: Hearing
- Responsive at birth - Excellent discrimination of language sounds - Locate sounds from 3 days
34
Development of Sensation: Vision
- Eyes open and sensitive from 7 months - Least well-developed at time of birth - Retinal cells sparse and not mature - Optic nerves not myelinated - Vision sharpens at 6 months - development of ocular dominance columns - Colour vision develops - good at 2 months
35
Why is vision not so developed at time of birth?
Retinal cells sparse and not mature Optic nerves not myelinated Ocular dominance columns need to develop
36
Post-natal reflexes: Moro(startle) reflex
Baby supine - remove head support - trunk extension - cycle of limb extension and limb flexion
37
What is the babinski reflex?
Stroke sole of foot - in babies, toes spread out Adults curl their toes
38
How can the babinski reflex be used for adults?
If adults fan their toes it could be a sign of descending motor tract damage

Neuroscience (26 decks)

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